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spectrum of the generated CS signal, the optical spectrum presents two phase-locked carriers, which are 26.75 GHz apart. Curves B and C are the spectrums of the two demultiplexed phase-locked carriers and curve D is the spectrum of the phase shifted CS signal.The phase shifting performance of the proposed photonic RF phase shifter was measured by rotating the WP in a HQQ type PC. As shown in Figure 3, a rotation angle of PC that ranges from À50 to þ50 can induce a near-linear phase shifting exceeding 360 and a phase shifting higher than 180 is expected if the rotation angle of PC is increased further. Figure 4 illustrates that the linear RF phase shifter induces a 9.3 ps and 18.7 ps delay (i.e., a 90 and 180 phase shifting) compared with the input RF signal when the rotation angle of PC is set at 22.5 and 45 , respectively. CONCLUSIONSIn this article, a RF photonic phase shifter based on PC is realized and the theoretical fundamentals of this scheme are analyzed. ABSTRACT: We report a miniaturized phase shifter operating in the frequency range from 5 to 7 GHz for noise-parameter extraction. Such a tunable solid-state unit represents a significant reduction in the size and 2600MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 52, No. 11, November 2010 DOI 10.1002/mop mass as a source-pull component, compared to its mechanical counterparts. It provides adequate impedance coverage, ultra-fast response, as well as high repeatability, across the designed region. A packaged low-noise amplifier was measured at integer frequencies by use of the phase shifter on the NIST NFRad system. The measured results exhibited good accuracy. The combined uncertainties (Type-A and Type-B) are below 6% for both the minimum noise temperature and the magnitude of the optimum input reflection coefficient.

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