Child psychology is an important part of paediatric dentistry, which acts as a guide for understanding children who are in different stages of physical, mental, emotional, and social development. Understanding the psychological development of the child helps in professional recognition of the child’s needs, fear and anxiety at each stage which helps in better execution of behaviour management techniques. Child psychology provides an insight into principles of behaviour management that should be tailor-made for each child for effective and efficient dental treatment. This would enable the child to have a better and more pleasant dental visit, and also give the clinician a sense of professional satisfaction and reduce the fatigue in treating an uncooperative child.

A habit is a repetitive action that is being done automatically and is resistant to change. In the infantile period, certain repetitive behaviours are common, the majority of them begin and stop spontaneously. If oral habits persist beyond a particular developmental age, it results in unfavourable outcomes for the developing teeth, occlusion and surrounding orofacial tissues. Oral habits are considered one of the main causes of malocclusion, leading to unfavourable growth and development of dentoalveolar, which starts in the early childhood and mixed dentition stage. The severity of malocclusion depends on the frequency, duration, and intensity of the habit. Early detection and interception of the habit should be done by parent/child habit awareness and counselling, elimination, etiology, behaviour modifications and correction of malocclusion.

Deciduous teeth play a significant role in the normal development of occlusion, as a guide for the eruption of permanent successors. Early loss of deciduous teeth in the primary and mixed dentition stage alters the integrity of dental arches and is one of the main causes of malocclusion in permanent dentition. Management of space created by early loss of the deciduous tooth is important to prevent or intercept malocclusion, either by eliminating the need for orthodontic correction in future or to reduce the complexity of correction in permanent dentition. Hence, the role of paediatric dentistry is immense in space management as a part of managing developing dentition and occlusion in comprehensive oral health care of children.

Pulpectomy is the treatment of choice for pulpally involved deciduous teeth, which potentially eliminates inflamed or necrotic pulp, bacteria, and toxins, relieving pain and promoting periradicular healing by cleaning and shaping the root canals. Over the years, cleaning and shaping of the root canals are done by manual endodontic instruments like files and reamers which are still considered to be the gold standard. With the advent and advances in Nickel Titanium rotary files, rotary endodontic instruments have been widely used for cleaning and shaping the root canals in Pediatric Dentistry. Of rotary files is less time-consuming thereby reducing stress to both the child and the dentist, giving consistent and predictable results even in narrow and curved root canals due to superelasticity and shape memory of nickel-titanium alloy.