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Drought is a significant issue because of the worldwide effects of climate change and the negative effects it has on wheat output. For improving production in water-scarce locations, screening drought-tolerant wheat cultivars is crucial. At the Plant Physiology Division of NIA, Tando Jam, the current experiment was conducted during the Rabi year of 2021. At both the P0.01 and P0.05 probability levels, the growth measurements at the seedling stage revealed extremely significant variations for all characteristics among genotypes, treatments, and interactions. The results demonstrated a stronger osmotic impact when using -0.5 MPa PEG. At the seedling stage, the genotype SDW-3 had higher decreases in a number of growth indices, such as shoot length (-11.3), root length (-72.6), and shoot fresh weight (-4.4), with an increase in PEG (-0.5 MPa) level. According to the results of the current study, all six wheat genotypes' seed incubation shoot, root length, and shoot fresh weight drastically decreased under laboratory conditions due to osmotic stress. The genotype SDW-3 showed the greatest decrease under increased osmotic stress brought on by PEG-6000 (-5.0 MPa). As a result, the genotypes AST-1(V1), SDW-1, and SDW-2 may be employed in future breeding programmes and are drought resistant.

Bio preservatives is a natural compound deprived from plants used as a natural food preservation to preserve food and extend their shelf life. The extraction optimization and chemical composition of clove, cinnamon, thyme and fennel were investigated as a natural preservative materials. The extraction optimization conditions were investigated by using different ratio of sample to solvent as follow (1:5, 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20 w/v) at different stirring period (1, 2, 3 and 4 hours) and at different concentrations of ethanol in water (80, 60, 40, 20 and 0%) were determined. Moreover, Phytochemicals constitutes of different studied plants including; total soluble polyphenols; flavonoids, alkaloids and saponin were determined in their alcoholic extracts (80%). The data shown that: ethanol in general, gave the highest total soluble solid (TSS) recovery than water. Moreover, 80% ethanol was the most effective in TSS recovery during the extraction process than the other concentrations for clove, cinnamon and thyme. The TSS value of clove, cinnamon and thyme (recovered by 80% ethanol) were 18.2%, 16.72% and 16.33 % plant, respectively. However, fennel water extract conducted 9.17% when compared with 80% ethanol extract which amounted 9%. The chemical composition of secondary metabolites phytochemicals namely phenolic compounds, saponine, flavonoids and alkaloids which expected to have antibacterial activity, were determined in clove, cinnamon and thyme plants. Data show that no significant difference in phenolic contents between clove and cinnamon. While thyme contained the lowest amounts of phenolic compounds. On the other hand, thyme contained the significant highest amounts (2.63 mg/g dry weight) of alkaloids among the other studied plants.

In order to study the effect of FYM and NPK on growth, yield and oil production of mustard, Five treatments were formed including control T1= Natural (Farmer practice), T2= Recommended NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 , T3= FYM 1 t ha-1 + NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 , T4= FYM 3 t ha-1 + NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 , T5= FYM 5 t ha-1 + NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 and T6= FYM 7 t ha-1 + NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 results showed that significantly (P<0.05) of seed yield and mustard of oil content influenced through the FYM & NPK levels. Results further showed that the mustard crop given recommended NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 in crop performance with 134.33 cm plant height, 188.37 no of pods plant-1 , 11.31 no of seeds pod-1 , 3.42g in seed index, 1510.21 kg seed production ha-1 and 31.10% oil content. However the minimum lowest crop performance was observed in control, where no fertilizer ware applied, having 128.33 cm plant height, 145.41 number of pods plant-1 , 8.12 number of seeds pods-1 , 3.00g seed index, 1325.14kg seed yield production ha-1 and 26.35% content oil. It is concluded that mustard yield increase with NPK combined with FYM 120-80-40 + 7 ton FYM but 5 ton FYM combined with NPK120-80-40 was economic dose for mustard production. The oil production also increase at combined application of FYM and NPK fertilizers.