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Aim: The potency of trona against fungi associated with dermatophytes isolated from children in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto (UDUS) local farming community was investigated. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and Department of Pharmacognosy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria, between January 2017 and September 2017. Methodology: The samples were collected from errand children within UDUS, and the organisms were isolated and identified microscopically using standard methods. Elemental analysis of the two types of trona (red and white) was also determined using standard Analytical methods. The sensitivity test was carried out using agar well diffusion method. Results: In the two types of trona (red and white) Sodium was found to have the highest concentration of 9500 mg/kg and 8300 mg/kg, and the lowest was 0.15 and 0.10 mg/kg. Potassium was reported to have a concentration of 4400 mg/kg and 1800 mg/kg for the white and red trona respectively. Some of the organisms identified were Microsporum Canis, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes etc. Highest mean zone of inhibition of 20.7 and 23.3 mm was recorded for the red and white trona respectively. The least zone of inhibition recorded was 2.7 and 4.7 mm for the red and white trona respectively. Increased activity was recorded when the concentration of the trona was increased. Conclusion: The results revealed promising potentials of trona in the treatment of fungi associated with dermatophytoses. However, further studies should be done to determine the mechanism of action of trona on these organisms.

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the bioactive compounds, toxicity and anti-bacterial activities of leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina. Methodology: The phytochemical analysis of Vernonia amygdalina to detect the presence of bioactive compounds (oxalate, tannins, saponins, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, alkaloids, steroid, balsams, essential oil and saponin glycoside) was performed using standard methods. The antibacterial activity of the leaf extracts was determined using agar well diffusion method against clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi. The toxicity testing was carried out with albino rats using standard method. Results: Different secondary metabolites were found to be present in the leaf extracts after the phytochemical screening. They include tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, glycosides, steroid, saponin glycoside, volatile oil and Balsams. Highest zone of inhibition of 10.0 mm and 20.0 mm was recorded against S. typhi and S. paratyphi aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 100 mg/ml of the aqueous extract was recorded against S. typhi and S. paratyphi. A MIC of 25 mg/ml of the ethanolic extract was recorded against S. typhi and S. paratyphi. The acute toxicity tests reveal no occurrence of death after 2 weeks of administering 5000 mg/kg body weight of the extracts to the albino rats. Conclusion: The results revealed promising potentials of the leaves of V. amygdalina in the treatment of infectious diseases, due to its low toxicity. However, further studies need to be conducted to isolate and characterize the active metabolites present in the leaves.

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Aim: Ocimum gratissimum is commonly used as food and health purposes. This study is aimed at evaluating the bioactive compounds and antibacterial activity of leaf extract of O. gratissimum against Salmonella species. Methodology: The Phytochemical screening of O. gratissimum was conducted using standard methods. Screening for antibacterial activity of the leaf extracts against Salmonella species was determined using agar well diffusion method. An in-vivo toxicity study was carried out with albino rats. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, cardiac glycoside, flavonoid, glycosides, alkaloid, volatile oils and steroids. A zone of inhibition of 14mm was recorded against the organisms using ethanolic extract with a concentration of 100 mg/ml and the lowest was recorded against Salmonella paratyphi with the concentration of 25 mg/ml of the ethanolic extract. Zone of inhibition of 9.00 mm and 10.0mm was recorded against S. typhi and S. paratyphi on a concentration of 100 mg/ml of the aqueous extract. A minimum inhibitory concentration of 100 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml of the aqueous and ethanolic extract of the leaf was recorded. After the toxicity test, no death was recorded after 2 (two) weeks. Conclusion: The leaf extract of O. gratissimum shows promising potentials in the treatment of infectious diseases associated with Salmonlla typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, due to its antimicrobial activity and low toxicity. However, further studies are needed to non-polar solvents to isolate other bioactive compounds as well as identify the active metabolites responsible for these activities.