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This paper describes the production of carbon fiber / high-performance polyimide prepregs and the study of prepreg samples quality by scanning electron microscopy, atomic-force electron microscopy and scanning ion-conductance microscopy. The prepreg samples were produced using a laboratory-designed setup by impregnation of carbon fiber with a polyimide solution. The study of the prepreg structure made it possible to establish the connection between polymer matrix composition and quality of carbon fiber impregnation. Thus, the study shows that the polymer matrix composition containing aliphatic fragment and quaternary carbon atom produces the best performance prepreg suitable for FDM 3D printing.