The five antimoulting compounds viz., diflubenzuron, buprofezin, triflumuron, flucycloxuron and HOE 607 were evaluated for their effects on Trichogramma chilonis, an important egg parasitoid of castor semilooper, Achoea janata L. The development of the immature stages of T. chilonis was drastically affected when exposed to growth regulators at 4 days after parasitisation and the effects were more pronounced with triflumuron and HOE 607. Exposure at 7th day after parasitisation had very little effect on the emergence of adults, but decreased significantly the fecundity of emerged adults. Triflumuron and HOE 607 also exerted pronounced adverse effects on the hatchability of Corcyra cephalonica.

Introduction: Intestinal obstruction is a common surgical emergency that is encountered in general surgery units and it contributes to substantial patient morbidity and healthcare costs. Computed Tomography (CT) has emerged as an invaluable diagnostic tool in the evaluation of bowel obstruction and helps in deciding early surgery. The CT gives information on the cause for obstruction, its location, and complications like closed loop obstruction, bowel ischaemia. Aim: 1. To evaluate the accuracy of CT in diagnosing the presence, level and cause of intestinal obstruction. 2. To detect the presence of complications and demonstrate threatening signs of bowel non-viability. 3. To relate CT findings with intraoperative findings. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was done at the Department of Radiology, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, India from April 2021 to September 2021. A total of 40 patients, ≥18 years of age with clinical suspicion of intestinal obstruction, were subjected to Contrast- Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) of the abdomen. The sensitivity , specificity, positive and negative predictive values of Muti-detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) were calculated. Data analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 18.5 software. Results: Total of 40 patients were analysed (25 males and 15 females ; mean age: 50.5 years). Small bowel obstruction constituted 75% of cases and large bowel obstruction constituted 25% of the cases. Ileum was the most common site of obstruction. Adhesions were the leading cause seen. Closed loop obstruction with bowel ischaemia and gangrene were observed in five patients (12.5%). Comparison of CT and per-operative findings showed that CT has a high sensitivity, specificity, accuracy of 97.44%, 100%, 97.50%; 92.31%, 100%, 92.50% and 100%, 94.12%, 95%, respectively for determining the level, cause and complications of obstruction. Conclusion: The MDCT has high diagnostic accuracy in diagnosing the level, cause and complications of intestinal obstruction with the highest of 97.50% for identifying the cause of obstruction. CT is 100% sensitive in picking up complications like bowel ischemia. Thus, MDCT were in concordance with intra operative findings for the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction and can guide surgeons in the management of these patients.

<p class="abstract">The term atypical lipoma was introduced to describe the relatively benign course of well-differentiated liposarcomas when they occur in extremities compared to their retroperitoneal counterparts. A 32-year-old lady presented with dysphagia, excessive snoring and difficulty in breathing for three months<span>. On examination, a smooth globular retropharyngeal swelling was seen extending anteriorly till epiglottis obscuring the view of vocal cords. The CECT scan demonstrated features suggestive of a lipomatous lesion with possible sarcomatous change. Excision was done through a transcervical approach and histopathology showed features suggestive of atypical lipoma of retropharyngeal space</span>. As the tumor was removed in toto, adjuvant radiotherapy was not advised. Hence if any swelling in the retropharyngeal space is noted, the probability of soft tissue tumors must be ruled out by a CT/MRI scan before attempting incision and drainage or any other surgical procedure. Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy is limited to high-grade tumors, incompletely excised tumors and more radiosensitive liposarcoma subtypes such as myxoid sarcomas.</p>

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Introduction: Cervical nodes form one of the major groups of Lymph Nodes (LN) that are frequently involved in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Metastasis causes the most apparent change in consistency of the node among the various nodal pathologies. Ultrasound elastography provides an estimate of tissue consistency by measuring the degree of distortion under the application of an external force. Aim: To estimate the diagnostic accuracy of sonoelastography in the differentiation of malignant and benign cervical LN with fine needle aspiration cytology/biopsy considered as a gold standard. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2020 to January 2021 in a tertiary care hospital in south India, a total of 50 patients with cervical lymphadenopathy underwent ultrasonography followed by elastography of superficial neck LN using high frequency linear transducer by freehand technique. The ultrasound characteristics of selected LN were determined and colour elastogram pattern was assessed using colour mapping elastography. The chi-square test was performed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were obtained. The results were then compared to the fine needle aspiration cytology. Results: A total of 50 subjects(median age of 40.5±18.71 years ; 19 (38%) males and 31 (62%) females). The grayscale and colour Doppler features of cervical LN which helped predict malignancy were short axis ≥8 mm, S:L axis ratio ≥0.5, absence of normal central fatty hilum, abnormal echogenicity, lobulated border, presence of calcification and peripheral/mixed vascularity. With reference to the above variables of cervical LN characterisation on grayscale, colour doppler ultrasound and sonoelastography findings, elastography pattern was the most promising variable to differentiate malignant from benign cervical LN with 95.2% sensitivity, 75.0% specificity, 95.2% PPV, 75.0% NPV and 92.0% accuracy. Conclusion: Sonoelastography is useful in the assessment of elastic properties of cervical LN with short examination time required, real-time display, immediate interpretation and limited cost. Sonoelastography had higher diagnostic accuracy than gray scale and doppler ultrasound in differentiating benign from malignant cervical LN. Sonoelastography is an effective supplement to conventional gray scale and colour doppler ultrasound and that the combination is clinically recommended for a more accurate diagnosis of metastatic LN.