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India has the world`s biggest goitre belt in sub-Himalayan. Even though national goitre control programme is reducing the prevalence of goitre but there is significant increase in incidence of solitary thyroid nodules (STN) in India so also in the worldwide. 1 ABSTRACT Background: Thyroid diseases are the commonest endocrine disorders worldwide and India it about 42 million suffering from thyroid disease. Thyroid nodules are up to 8% of the adult population having palpable nodules. With the use of ultrasound, up to 10 times more nodules are likely to be detected. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is crucial in the investigation of a thyroid nodule since the frequency of malignancy is estimated to be 15-25%. These may be subject to surgical intervention than is required because histological examination is the only way in which malignancy can be excluded. Early diagnosis and treatment remains the cornerstone of management. A thorough understanding of thyroid anatomy is central to the performance of safe thyroid surgery and reduces the incidence of post-operative morbidity and mortality. Methods: Fifty nodular patients were studied prospectively in department of surgery, Rajarajeswari Medical College Bangalore for a period of 2 years with prior approval of Ethical Committee. Aim of the study was to know the incidence of malignancy in solitary nodule thyroid in our institute. Results: Out of 50 patients, 4 (8%) were males and 46 were females (96%) with female to male ratio of 11.5:1. Maximum age of presentation was 60 years and minimum age was 16 years with an average age incidence of 36.14 years. Histopathological examination proved to be papillary carcinoma in 6 cases, Hashimotos thyroiditis in 3 cases and 1 each showed follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma and total incidence of malignancy in this study is 14%. Conclusions: Solitary nodule thyroid commonest disease of thyroid with high prevalence in females. Malignancy is around 14% and can come as surprise on post-operative HPE even when no suspicion by FNAC, which is comparable with others study. The main indication for surgery in STN are cosmetic or pressure symptoms or suspicious of malignancy. Near total thyroidectomy or lobectomy are the known surgeries for STN. Thorough surgical anatomy is must to prevent post-operative complications.

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Introduction:The purpose of a conservative procedure is the correction and restoration of the prolapse with the most effective long-lasting result, which allows sexual functioning and, for young patients, conservation of reproduction. Objectives:To study the risk factors for prolapse in reproductive age group; to study various conservative surgeries done for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Materials and methods:This is a retrospective study conducted on patients presenting with pelvic organ prolapse in reproductive age group, at Results: We identified 68 women with uterovaginal prolapse in reproductive age group who underwent conservative surgeries: 26 (18%) underwent Virkud's surgery, 20 (29.4%) underwent Shirodkar's sling surgery, and 22 (32.3%) underwent Purandare's sling surgery.There was no major difference in intraoperative and postoperative details in all three surgeries. Postoperative improvement in symptoms was 16 (80%) in Shirodkar's group, 20 (90%) in Virkud's composite sling surgery, and 16 (61.5%) in anterior abdominal wall cervicopexy surgery. Conclusion:Obstetric risk factors are the major contributing factors for pelvic organ prolapse in the reproductive age group. Proper intranatal care will help in reducing the problem; all the conservative surgeries have similar intraoperative, postoperative morbidity and are similar with respect to early anatomical correction. Urinary tract infection and urinary retention were more in anterior abdominal wall hysteropexy group; Patient's satisfaction and success rate is more in Sacropexy and Virkud's composite surgery group compared to anterior abdominal wall hysteropexy group.

INTRODUCTIONAround 15% of clinically recognised pregnancies in women less than 35 years old result in spontaneous miscarriage.1 However recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is encountered in 5% of couples with two or more losses and in around 1-2% of couples with three or more losses. Results: A total of 56 patients of recurrent miscarriage with two or more prior pregnancy losses were considered. Out of the 56 patients, 23 patients were excluded as per the exclusion criteria and 33 patients were included in the present study. The mean age of the study group was 24.63 years (Range: 20-32 years). Overall, seven patients (21.21%) were seen to have positive antiphospholipid antibody titers amongst the 33 patients, with repeat testing done after 12 weeks to confirm the positivity. Five patients (15.15%) were positive for ACA antibody. Four (12.12%) patients were positive for LA and B2GP1 each. Two patients (6.06%) were positive for both LA and ACA antibodies. Two patients (6.06%) were positive for LA and B2GP1 antibodies and two other (6.06%) patients were positive for ACA and Antiβ2GP1Ab. There was a statistically significant association noticed between ACA positivity and POG at 1st pregnancy loss. However, the overall association of APLA positivity and POG at pregnancy loss was not statistically significant. Conclusions: There was a significant difference of POG at first pregnancy loss in ACA positive patients as compared to the ACA negative patients. However, when all the APLA positive patients were considered the difference was not statistically significant.