Summary The socio-economic approach to the study of main economic systems. Socialism and capitalism. Part 1. Society is explored with the help of various approaches and methods that allow us to analyze the economy, politics, culture and society. Society as a socio-economic system can be effectively studied from the standpoint of the socio-economic approach, which is implemented within the framework of the formational approach. It was formerly used e.g. by Daniel Bell, John Kenneth Galbraith, Karl Marx, Leonid Weger, Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama, Erik Olin Wright, and Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein. Formational approach allows us to analyze the global social and economic systems of the 20th century: capitalism and socialism. From the standpoint of this approach, the main difference between capitalism and socialism is the presence or absence of private ownership of the means of production. This feature has an impact on all aspects of social life in these systems. During the existence of these global systems, we have accumulated a rich experience of development in all areas of social life, which is analyzed in this article. The proposed article considers the positive and negative aspects of the development of capitalism and socialism. The directions of development of social and economic systems towards new form of capitalism are described and analyzed.

Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to determine the scale of mobbing in banks, in particular we seek to investigate who is the most frequently a mobber and who is most often affected by mobbing. Approach/Methodology/Design: English and Polish literature from EBSCO, ProQuest, and Emerald databases were used to write the article. The methods that were used for the study were classification trees, the Mann-Whitney test, and descriptive statistics. Findings: This paper presents the results of an empirical study of bank employees in Poland and Russia. The following hypotheses were adopted: 1. Superiors are more likely to be perpetrators of mobbing than employees at the same organizational structure level. 2. Women more often than men report that they are victims of mobbing. Both hypotheses were disconfirmed in the research. Indeed, it turned out that employees at a similar level were more likely to be guilty of mobbing and that men were more often victims of mobbing. Practical Implications: The phenomenon of mobbing is poorly understood, especially in banks. We managed to identify the groups most exposed to mobbing. In these groups, antimobbing prevention should be implemented first. Originality/Value: Banks are very reluctant to undertake any research cooperation. The obtained results shed new light on who is being mobbed in general and who is being mobbed in financial institutions. The contribution of this paper is also to propose a mobbing index, which takes into account not only the frequency of mobbing but also its quality aspects, i.e., the various types of mobbing.

Summary This article examines modern economy and society taking the formational approach, which is based on the concept that for the modern world and the predicted future, the economy will remain the foundation of society. An understanding of modern society as a post-capitalist society is proposed and justified. The definition of post-capitalism is determined as a stage of capitalism. Humankind would enter its last stage, a stage of liberal democracy and global capitalism. The major features of post-capitalistic society are examined and analyzed: economic, political, spiritual, cultural and domestic. The economic determinism in its pure form is supplemented with informational determinism in modern society, although the economy remains the primary determinant of social development. Post-capitalism is not a new concept but rather is a new stage in the development of a capitalist socioeconomic formation. An important distinction between capitalism and post-capitalism is that capitalism is characteristic of a society that is engaged in industrial and commercial development. A society has reached the post-capitalism stage when it has passed the industrial stage and entered the information era.

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