Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension is a distinctive and treatable sign of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. It is caused by failure of noradrenergic neurotransmission that is associated with a range of primary or secondary autonomic disorders, including pure autonomic failure, Parkinson’s disease with autonomic failure, multiple system atrophy as well as diabetic and nondiabetic autonomic neuropathies. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension is commonly accompanied by autonomic dysregulation involving other organ systems such as the bowel and the bladder. In the present review, we provide an overview of the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, epidemiology, evaluation and management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension focusing on neurodegenerative disorders.

than the usual dose for non-pigmented carcinomas (37 j/ cm 2 ) appears to be necessary to induce adequate photochemical reactions because melanine restricts the diffusion of red light in the deep layers of the epidermis, where lentigo maligna is known to be localized. We suggest that the therapeutic response is probably also related to direct cellular effects of MAL, a precursor of protoporphyrin IX, which is an endogen ligand of peripheral receptors for benzodiazepines, which are involved in cellular proliferation and differentiation [3] (Fig. 1). References1 Có rdoba F, Braathen LR, Weissenberger J, Vallan C, Kato M, Nakashima I, et al. 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy in a transgenic mouse model of skin melanoma. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:429-437. 2 Junkins-Hopkins JM. Imiquimod use in the treatment of lentigo maligna. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 61:865-867. 3 Landau M, Weizman A, Zoref-Shani E, Beery E, Wasseman L, Landau O, et al. Antiproliferative and differentiating effects of benzodiazepine receptor ligands on B16 melanoma cells.Background: Malignant melanoma is very resistant to systemic therapies and the therapies are largely ineffective in advanced stages of the disease. Treatment options are limited and mainly palliative. Standard chemotherapies, especially polychemotherapies are often accompanied by severe toxicity limiting the therapies themselves and especially the quality of life.