The article deals with the problem of the labour protection state in railway transport. The transport sector, in particular the railway, is one of the main country's activity spheres, which significantly affects the level of its social and economic development. The analysis of statistical data shows that the transport industry is one of the leaders in the most trauma-hazardous human activity spheres. Thus, the analysis of injury rates and factors determining the professional reliability of locomotive crews, and the scientific substantiation of measures set aimed at preserving the health of railway transport workers and ensuring the safety of railway transport, are urgent and essential tasks. The article's purpose is a comprehensive analysis of the injury's actual state in railway transport. In the work, it is established that during the performance of their duties, railway transport employees are affected by physical, chemical and biological harmful production factors. The work is carried out under the influence of psychophysiological factors caused by the severity and intensity of the labour process in conditions of hydrodynamic and fixed working posture. It was determined that the influence of adverse factors complex leads to disruption of the cardiovascular, central nervous and endocrine systems activity. The authors assessed the actual state of industrial and non-industrial injuries in railway transport. It has been established that the number of industrial accident victims has been gradually increasing in recent years. This indicates the need to develop and implement in practice a set of measures to improve the working conditions of mainline locomotive crews. It is noted that the key areas of measures to preserve the health and professional capacity of railway transport workers are the improvement of regulatory and legal support, socio-economic motivation of workers, and organizational-technological and sanitary-medical measures. Keywords: injury, accident, railway transport, labour protection.

The aim of the work is to develop an approach for assessing the probabilities of operational activities of civil protection units. The existing approaches to modeling operational activities do not fully meet the requirements for the accuracy of assessing the parameters of activities at a low intensity of emergency events. This fact is due to the limited data available for analysis. The existing regulatory requirements for determining the quantitative composition of subdivisions, taking into account only the number of the population, leads to an unreasonable overestimation of quantitative indicators. It was found that there is a significant unevenness in the level of provision of units with basic equipment, the range of fluctuations for different numbers of the population exceeds 25%. It was found that the approach to modeling the activities of operational units based on the queuing theory has a significant limitation due to insurmountable difficulties in assessing the parameters of activities with a relatively low intensity of the implementation of threats of various nature in the territory, namely, the impossibility of assessing the parameters of the flow of emergencies with the required accuracy. The article considers the case when up to three emergency events may occur with the involvement of up to three subdivisions. This case is characterized by nineteen situation. As a result of the conducted research the calculated ratios which allow to estimate probabilities of finding of divisions of civil protection in the course of liquidation of emergency events are received. The adequacy of the results obtained was verified by comparing the results obtained on the basis of the Markov model and considering the process of responding to emerging emergency events based on queuing. The relative error in the range of low intensity of emergencies does not exceed 2%. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of determining quantitative indicators of operational civil protection units in conditions of low intensity of occurrence of emergency events with a higher level of adequacy.

The article considers the problem of efficiency and safety of fertilizers using in agriculture. Fertilizers are an integral part of the food fund formation system, which determines food safety at the national and world levels. Thus, the research of the safety state of fertilizers handling is an actual practical task in the context of sustainable development of society. The aim is an analysis of the efficiency of fertilizer using in agriculture, determining the level of fertilizer safety for the environment, human health and working conditions. Organic and mineral fertilizers are the most widespread in agriculture. Fertilizers are one of the main factors in improving the quantity and quality of agricultural products. The rational usage of fertilizers helps to maintain the nutrients and humus balance in the soil, to improve its fertility. The organic fertilizers include organic compounds of animal, vegetable, industrial and household origin. They have different decomposition degrees and create different nutrients complexes (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and others), which are well absorbed by plants. The danger of organic fertilizer usage is associated with the possible presence of bacteria, viruses, parasites, antibiotics, steroid hormones, pesticides in their composition. The release of these agents into the environment disturbs the ecological balance of the soil and degrades its quality, pollutes water, contributes to food epidemics, causes chronic diseases and acute poisoning in humans. Mineral fertilizers are artificially synthesized chemical compounds that are needed to maintain the inorganic compounds balance in the soil. Irrational usage of mineral fertilizers leads to changes in soil composition and properties, disruption of nutrients natural cycles, pollution of the environment and agricultural products by nitrates, heavy metals, halogens and radionuclides. All this negatively affects the quality of human life and health. In addition, improper fertilizer handling during production, storage, transportation and usage worsens the working conditions, leads to occupational diseases, increases explosion and fire levels. It is necessary to optimize forms, rates, timing and methods of fertilizers application, adhere to treatments frequency and distance from settlements, adhere to labour protection norms, rules and instructions and apply collective and individual protection means during fertilizers working.