No abstract

Currently, the protection of the rights of patent holders of domestic varieties of main agricultural crops is one of the priority tasks for the development of Russian breeding. The most dynamically developing crop in the first decade of the 21st century was soybean. The article presents material on the state of the soybean industry in the Russian Federation in terms of the share of use of soybean seeds of domestic selection, the legal practice of the Federal Research Center of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Soybeans, the mechanism for concluding license agreements and protecting the rights of patent holders of new highly productive varieties. A high level of agricultural development is possible only with close cooperation between scientists and producers, therefore, first of all it is necessary to develop the regulatory framework to increase the effectiveness of this cooperation. Producers should be interested in acquiring a new developments and have the necessary funds to do these, and developers should be sure that the commercial using of their products will be adequately protected, which will ensure their interest in creating successful breeding achievements on the market.

The analysis of the current state of soybean production in the Far East Federal District and its growth prospects aimed at increasing the export of this crop to the countries of the Asia and Pacific region (APR) are carried out. The studies proceed from the strategic task of soybean production state with subsequent export of both soybean raw materials and its processed products. The main goal of the “International Cooperation and Export” project is to achieve the agricultural products export (in value terms) is $ 45 billion by the end of 2024, which requires the creation of a new commodity mass (including with high added value), organization export-oriented commodity distribution infrastructure, the elimination of trade barriers (tariff and non-tariff) to ensure access for agricultural products to target markets, as well as systems for promoting and positioning agricultural products. One of the strategically important regions in this direction should be the Far East. For the international market Russian soybeans are of interest as an environmentally friendly product. In this direction China and other countries (APR) remain the most promising external market for domestic producers. So, in 2014-2018, 1.99 million tons of soybeans worth $ 601 million were exported from the regions of the Far East Federal District. The purpose of the work is to identify the problems that need to be solved for the implementation of state plans.

The article presents the results of studying the biological yield of soybean grains, stems and flaps, their height and thickness sizes at the root neck, on the basis of which a new economical grinding device is proposed. Soybean harvesting is carried out by combines equipped with grinders, stationary or segment-type grinders tested on the experimental field of the seed production laboratory of FSBNU FNC VNII soybeans in 2020-2021. On the basis of histogram of straw interruption coefficient by threshing machine of beating type equal to 0.527 additional necessity of soybean stems grinding and development of new grinding device is established. In order to justify the optimal parameters of the grinders of the new sample, multifactorial experiments were carried out to obtain acceptable ground parts of soybean stems for their rapid decomposition in the soil. In order to obtain the necessary crops, agronomic science and long-term practice have developed various types of technological techniques, the use of which contributes to increasing soil fertility and increasing the potential yield of soybean. Experience shows that the atmosphere and soil are the source of nutrition for plants. Living organisms are a necessary concomitant component of soil. Soil organisms (soil biota), destroying the biological mass located in the soil and on the surface of the field, are suppliers of substances necessary for plant development and growth of crop rotation crops. Soybean straw and flaps contain 35.2-35.5 % fiber, 3.2-3.5 % protein, and 2.62-3.07 % chemical elements in % of dry matter, the decomposition of which will increase the content of humus and improve the structure of the soil. Technological effects aimed at maintaining the vital activities of these organisms make it possible to significantly increase soil fertility, which is a prerequisite for high yields of cereals and soybeans.

To obtain biologically valuable and high-quality soybeans it is necessary to improve the design of the two-phase threshing combine harvester which will have a gentle mode for threshing the most mature soybeans in the first threshing drum, make their high-quality cleaning directly in the combine harvester and collect them in a separate hopper. The first seed fraction of biologically valuable and high-quality soybeans is obtained by separating the threshed heap in the first threshing drum. It’s cleaned and collected in a separate hopper. The return is processed in the second threshing drum, and the second fraction of seeds is cleaned and collected in the second hopper of the combine. The straw that comes off the straw walker and enters the auger is divided into two parts, and when it leaves the auger on both sides, it is crushed and thrown out of the sides of the combine. At the same time, during the combine harvesting of soybeans, the chaff coming of the sieve boot and being the high-protein feed consisting of 90% of the bean flaps is collected in the chaff collector. By collecting the most valuable components of the soybean crop, i.e beans and chaff, and embedding the crushed plant stems on the small depth by disking or cultivation, the task of creating conditions for the growth and development of plants in the crop rotation with full mechanized technology of soybean harvesting is solved.