No abstract

No abstract

An extreme heat event occurred over Europe from the 22nd to 26th July 2019, peaking on the 25th. Numerous new record maximum temperatures were established in several countries. The following maximum temperatures were recorded on the 25th: While the media has used the term heat wave, there is no single definition for a heat wave. Whether a severe heat event, or heat wave, this study investigates the origin of air over Europe during the heat event from the 22nd to the 6th and whether high surface temperatures were caused primarily by adiabatic subsidence, rather than the horizontal advection of warm/hot transported northward from North Africa using re‐analysis data, atmospheric soundings from two locations and five day trajectories.

Clear air turbulence (CAT) at high altitude remains a hazard to aviation which can result in passenger injury and aircraft damage. Two limited surveys of CAT events over South Africa, 1993–1995 (inclusive) and 1998, are used to illustrate the most likely synoptic conditions under which CAT can be expected. A case study of CAT associated with an upper‐air trough and a mountain wave is presented. The study also evaluates the effectiveness of the Ellrod Turbulence Index (ETI) derived from model data provided by the UK Met. Office. A forecast of ETI derived from the Global Spectral Model of the United States National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) is also reviewed. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society

No abstract