We report a new approach to heavy metal ion detection based on bipolar electrochemiluminescence (BP-ECL), which is simple and low cost yet highly sensitive.

Supercontinuum generation with considerable flatness and low fluctuation is investigated in nonlinear fibers by amplification of pulsed seed signal of a stable mode locked bismuth oxide based erbium doped fiber laser. Spectral expansion from 980 to 1750 nm is obtained by 340 fs pulses at 1560 nm amplified up to 177 kW in a dispersion flattened highly nonlinear fiber. A comparison is made for different types of nonlinear fibers and evaluation of spectral bandwidth at high powers is probed.

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In this work, we present travelling wave solutions for the Burgers, Burgers-Huxley and modified Burgers-KdV equations. The (G /G)-expansion method is used to determine travelling wave solutions of these sets of equations. The travelling wave solutions are expressed by the hyperbolic functions, the trigonometric functions and the rational functions. It is shown that the proposed method is direct, effective and can be used for many other nonlinear evolution equations in mathematical physics.