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Instrumental methods play an important role in the analysis of soil material. Soil is composed of mineral, organic, water, and air components. Analytical methods are required that characterize the fitness or quality of soils to perform various functions, such as providing a medium for plant growth, recycling waste products, and regulating and storing water, energy, and nutrients. The objective of this article is to describe the basic concept and approach to laboratory analysis of soil, and to outline the application of techniques used in the analysis of soil quality properties. Emphasis is placed on soil sampling and sample preparation, followed by a description of the possible instrumental methods available for the analysis of the chemical, biochemical, and physical properties of soil.

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