At the order of 1/m 3 b , the B meson lifetimes are controlled by the hadronic matrix elements of some four-quark operators. The nonfactorizable magnitudes of these four-quark operator matrix elements are analyzed by QCD sum rules in the framework of heavy quark effective theory. The vacuum saturation for color-singlet four-quark operators is justified at hadronic scale, and the nonfactorizable effect is at a few percent level.However for color-octet four-quark operators, the vacuum saturation is violated sizably that the nonfactorizable effect cannot be neglected for the B meson lifetimes. The implication to the extraction of some of the parameters from B decays is discussed. The B meson lifetime ratio is predicted as τ (B − )/τ (B 0 ) = 1.09 ± 0.02. However, the experimental result of the lifetime ratio τ (Λ b )/τ (B 0 ) still cannot be explained.

We provide a detailed, model-independent study for CP-violation effects due to the T-odd top-quark electric dipole moment ͑EDM͒ and weak dipole moment ͑WDM͒ in top-quark pair production via e ϩ e Ϫ and twophoton annihilation at a Next e ϩ e Ϫ Linear Collider ͑NLC͒. There are two methods in detecting CP-violation effects in these processes. One method makes use of measurements of various spin correlations in the final decay products of the produced top-quark pair, while the other is to measure various CP-odd polarization asymmetry effects of the initial states. In the e ϩ e Ϫ case only the first method can be used and in the ␥␥ case both methods can be employed. We provide a complete classification of angular correlations of the t and t decay products under CP and CP T, which greatly faciliate CP tests in the e ϩ e Ϫ mode. Concentrating on the second method with the Compton backscattered high-energetic laser light off the electron or positron beam in the two-photon mode, we construct two CP-odd and CP T-even initial polarization configurations and apply them to investigating CP-violating effects due to the top-quark EDM. With a typical set of experimental parameters at the NLC, we compare the 1 sensitivities to the top-quark EDM and WDM in the e ϩ e Ϫ mode and the two-photon mode. Some model expectation values of the T-odd parameters are compared with the results.

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Around 270 participants from national agriculture, hydrological, and meteorological services; nongovernmental organizations; the private sector; and research institutions gathered to take stock of progress since the first Climate Services Week; to explore and highlight innovations in climate services that support transformative agri-food systems; to promote knowledge exchange, collaboration, and partnerships; and to develop a collective vision for agriculture climate services in the Asia-Pacific region.

In the past, rice bakanae was considered an endemic disease that did not cause significant losses in Korea; however, the disease has recently become a serious threat due to climate change, changes in farming practices, and the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains. Since the bakanae outbreak in 2006, its incidence has gradually decreased due to the application of effective control measures such as hot water immersion methods and seed disinfectants. However, in 2013, a marked increase in bakanae incidence was observed, causing problems for rice farmers. Therefore, in this review, we present the potential risks from climate change based on an epidemiological understanding of the pathogen, host plant, and environment, which are the key elements influencing the incidence of bakanae. In addition, disease management options to reduce the disease pressure of bakanae below the economic threshold level are investigated, with a specific focus on resistant varieties, as well as chemical, biological, cultural, and physical control methods. Lastly, as more effective countermeasures to bakanae, we propose an integrated disease management option that combines different control methods, including advanced imaging technologies such as remote sensing. In this review, we revisit and examine bakanae, a traditional seed-borne fungal disease that has not gained considerable attention in the agricultural history of Korea. Based on the understanding of the present significance and anticipated risks of the disease, the findings of this study are expected to provide useful information for the establishment of an effective response strategy to bakanae in the era of climate change.