Breast tumours are the most common neoplasm in intact she-dogs. However, breast tumours in she-dogs differ significantly in morphological features and biological behaviour, so the definition of prognostic factors is relevant. A study on tumour cell dissemination in breast tumours in she-dogs by migration of these cells into blood and lymphatic vessels depending on their histological characteristics and disease stage was conducted. The study of the problem was performed on the basis of the clinic of modern veterinary medicine “Best” in Zaporizhzhia. She-dogs with breast neoplasms of different ages and breeds were used as objects in the proven absence of signs of metastatic lesions of other organs and tissues, including lungs, abdominal organs and bones. The presence of cancer cells in the vessels was determined by the tumour clots formed by them, fixed to the endothelium. The study revealed the presence of angioinvasion regardless of the clinical stage of the tumour process. In this case, the dissemination of tumour cells by migration into lymphatic vessels was observed only in the second clinical stage of breast tumours. In patients with stage 1 breast cancer in the vast majority of cases (66.7% of patients) angioinvasion is registered in the micropapillary invasive carcinomas (ICD-O code 8507/2). Tumour cells in blood vessels were verified in simple cribriform carcinoma (ICD-O code 8201/3) in more than 80% of she-dogs with stage 3 breast cancer. In contrast to the above groups, in patients with stage 2 cancer, migration of tumour cells into both blood and lymphatic vessels was found. Most often the signs of angio- and lymphoinvasion were found in invasive carcinoma mixed type (ICD-O code 8562/3), tubulopapillary carcinoma (ICD-O code 8503/3), and tubular carcinoma (ICD-O code 8211/3) ‒ in 34.1% and 36.8%, 19.3% and 26.3%, 17.0% and 10.5% of cases, respectively. The obtained results allow predicting the probability of penetration of tumour cells into blood and lymphatic vessels with a high degree of reliability, which in the future can better predict the biological behaviour of breast tumours

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SCIENCE OF THE YOUNG (Eruditio Juvenium). 2019;7(2):301-6 © М.С. Коваленко, П.А. Кошулько, Н.В. Короткова _____________________________________________________________________________ Рязанский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова, Рязань, Российская Федерация _____________________________________________________________________________ Различают несколько клинических форм рака молочной железы. Это диффузная форма, узловая, а также рак Педжета, соска. Наиболее часто встречаемой формой рака молочной железы является узловая форма, которая встречается в 75-80% случаев. Рак Педжета встречается намного реже, а именно в 3-5% всех случаев, диффузная же форма в 11-15% соответственно. Одной из самых остро стоящих проблем данной патологии является своевременная и точная диагностика с выбором дальнейшей тактики лечения. Катепсины -это лизосомальные протеазы -группа ферментов, участвующих в регуляции большинства процессов, происходящих в женском организме. Основной целью нашей статьи является обращение внимания на актуальность такой темы для дальнейшего исследования, как маркеры рака молочной железы. Для этого мы проводили анализ статей, публикаций, авторефератов и работ на соискание научной степени. В результате анализа этих данных мы выяснили, что активность катепсинов при раке молочной железы по сравнению с интактной молочной железой значительно возрастает. Уровень катепсина D в несколько раз больше, чем уровень катепсина В. Также было выяснено, что данные вещества участвуют в последующих процессах метастазирования опухоли, деструкции и инвазии. При дальнейшем изучении и совершенствовании методов определения катепсинов в крови предоставляется возможность использованиях их в качестве маркеров данной патологии задолго до клинических проявлений. Ключевые слова: катепсин D; рак молочной железы; катепсин B; лизосомальные протеазы. _____________________________________________________________________________ There are several clinical forms of breast cancer. This is a diffuse form, nodular, as well as Paget's cancer of the nipple. The most common form of breast cancer is the nodular form, which occurs in 75-80% of cases. Paget's cancer is much less common, namely in 3-5% of all cases, the diffuse form of 11-15%, respectively. One of the most acute problems of this pathology is timely and accurate diagnosis with the choice of further treatment tactics. Cathepsins are lysosomal proteasesa group of enzymes involved in the regulation of most processes occurring in the female body. The main purpose of this article is to draw attention to the relevance of this topic for further research, as markers of breast cancer. To do this, we conducted an analysis of articles, publications, abstracts and works КАТЕПСИНЫ КАК МАРКЕРЫ ЗЛОКАЧЕСТВЕННЫХ НОВООБРАЗОВАНИЙ МОЛОЧНЫХ ЖЕЛЁЗ ОБЗОРЫ | | REVIEWS

Due to relevance of the problem, prediction of biological behaviour of neoplasias in mammary glands of dogs requires using contemporary approaches to the study, first of all, of ways of dissemination of tumour cells. One of them is studying the mechanisms of migration of cancer cells out of the neoplasm tissues with further dissemination and development of metastatic sites in the regional lymphatic nodes and remote tissues. We studied the survival period of bitches with tumours of the mammary glands following regional or unilateral mastectomy. Among malignant mammary tumours in bitches, the most often diagnosed were single tumours (57.5%), which histologically were classified to carcinomas – ductal (26.9%) and mixed type (21.9%). Probability of intratumoral invasion to blood vessels equaled 12.0%, to lymph vessels – 7.8%, lymph nodes – 12.8%. It depends on the histological type of the tumour, the most aggressive potentially being сomedocarcinoma, tubulopapillary carcinoma and ductal carcinoma. Parameters of life expectancy and survival level after mastectomy depend on clinical stage of the disease (increase in the stage from the first to the third was characterized by decrease from 12.8 ± 9.5 to 9.4 ± 7.8 months), presence of angio/lymphatic invasions, presence of angiolymphatic invasion, but had no correlation with the size of the tumours. An important predictor of tumour-related death of dogs suffering neoplasias of the mammary glands is index vet-NPI, which has significant correlation with the clinical stage according to Owen and median survival. In particular, median survival in patients with the index lower than 4 exceeded the corresponding values in dogs with the index above 4 by 1.3 times. A promising direction of further research would be studying biological mechanisms of development of tumour emboli in the blood and lymph vessels, metastatic sites in lymph nodes, and also determining their role in pathogenesis of canine mammary tumours.