Climate disasters pose a risk to residents’ well-being globally. However, information about the impact of climate disasters among urban and rural residents remains lacking, especially in Indonesia. This study aims to fill the gap by investigating the impact of climate disaster on subjective well-being based on urban and rural typology model. The data were cross-sectional, involving 7110 Indonesian residents who had experienced climate disasters, 3813 from urban areas and 3297 from rural areas. An ordered probit model was employed to estimate the impact of climate disasters on subjective well-being (i.e., happiness and life satisfaction). In general, the empirical results show that climate disasters do not significantly affect the happiness of Indonesian residents, but they significantly and negatively impact their life satisfaction. Further analysis reveals that climate disasters impact urban and rural residents differently. The subjective well-being of rural residents is more severely affected than those living in urban areas. Further estimation also indicated that climate disaster significantly reduces residents’ subjective well-being at the lowest income level for both rural and urban residents. Our finding confirms that rural residents remain the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.

ABSTRACT. IAARD in collaboration with IRRI has developed site specific nutrient management (SSNM or PHSL) recommendation, which can be accessed through PHSL-web (http:/webapps.irri.org/ nm/id ABSTRAK.Badan Litbang Pertanian bekerja sama dengan IRRI telah mengembangkan rekomendasi pemupukan hara spesifik lokasi (PHSL) yang dapat diakses melalui website (http:/webapps.irri.org/ nm/id). Rekomendasi PHSL telah diuji pada padi inbrida namun belum diuji pada padi hibrida. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi rekomendasi PHSL untuk mengetahui respon tanaman padi hibrida terhadap pemupukan N (urea). Penelitian dilakukan pada musim kemarau 2012 di Blitar dan Malang. Penelitian pertama mengevaluasi (1) perlakuan rekomendasi PHSL padi hibrida untuk varietas hibrida Mapan-P05, (2) sama dengan perlakuan 1 untuk varietas hibrida Hipa-10, (3) sama dengan perlakuan 1 untuk varietas inbrida Ciherang, (4) rekomendasi PHSL padi inbrida untuk varietas hibrida Mapan-P05, (5) sama dengan perlakuan 4 untuk varietas hibrida Hipa-10, dan (6) sama dengan perlakuan 4 untuk varietas inbrida Ciherang. Rekomendasi PHSL untuk padi hibrida adalah 300 kg Phonska + 376 kg urea/ha diberikan empat kali, dan rekomendasi PHSL untuk padi inbrida 200 kg Phonska + 332 kg urea/ha diberikan tiga kali. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap, luas plot 5 m x 10 m, empat ulangan. Penelitian kedua dengan rancangan petak terpisah, luas petak 5 m x 10 m, empat ulangan. Petak utama adalah empat perlakuan dosis urea (0, 150, 300, 450 kg/ha) dan anak petak adalah dua varietas (hibrida Mapan-P05 dan inbrida Ciherang). Hasil analisis tanah sebelum penelitian, hasil padi, dan respon padi hibrida terhadap pupuk N merupakan data utama yang dikumpulkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rekomendasi PHSL padi hibrida kurang tepat. Hal ini karena dengan dosis dan waktu pemberian pupuk NPK yang lebih tinggi, hasil padi hibrida ternyata sama dengan dosis dan waktu pemberian pupuk yang lebih rendah atau rekomendasi pupuk untuk padi inbrida. Respon padi hibrida terhadap pempukan N lebih tinggi dibanding padi inbrida. Artinya, pada dosis pupuk N yang sama mampu memberikan hasil lebih tinggi dibanding padi inbrida. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa padi hibrida tidak memerlukan dosis dan waktu aplikasi pemupukan yang lebih tinggi seperti yang direkomendasikan oleh PHSL-web. Pada dosis pupuk yang sama, padi hibrida memberikan hasil lebih tinggi dibanding padi inbrida, yang berarti efisiensi pemupukan lebih tinggi. Tingkat hasil padi hibrida tidak hanya ditentukan oleh pemberian pupuk, namun juga oleh faktor lain, kualitas benih, dan faktor lingkungan. Terdapat indikasi interaksi G x E x M pada padi hibrida, yang bermakna varietas hibrida memerlukan lingkungan tumbuh yang spesifik.Kata kunci: Padi hibrida, pupuk, efisiensi.

The potato is the third most consumed crop globally after rice and wheat, but climate change has often disrupted its production. Therefore, adaptation practices are needed to maintain potato productivity. This study investigates the determinants of on- and off-farm climate change adaptation practices among smallholder farmers in Indonesia, considering adaptation intensity, which has not discussed in previous literature. The cross-sectional data were collected from 302 smallholder potato farmers in East Java, Indonesia, analyzed by a multivariate probit model to estimate the determinants. An ordered probit model was subsequently employed to understand the intensity factors. The findings indicated that the significant factors that affect farmers’ choice of on-farm adaptations were the farmers’ education, their participation in farmers’ groups, agricultural-related infrastructure, and agriculture output prices. Meanwhile, the off-farm adaptations were significantly affected by the farmers’ education, employed family members, agriculture-related infrastructure, and livestock ownership. The ordered probit model also suggested that participation in farmers groups and agricultural-related infrastructure were the most significant factors that encouraged adaptation. Therefore, adaptation planning should consider these factors to optimally improve farmers’ adaptation capacity.