Tree nuts and their products are highly nutritive and beneficial to health. On the other hand, some of them can lead to development of allergic reactions, protein intolerance or liver diseases in some groups of consumers. Therefore, it is important to study the risks of tree nuts ingestion as a major issue for food regulators and the pharmaceutical industry safety. A review of surveillance and correlation to possible Brazil nut allergy reactions with effects on consumers and some therapeutic potential was carried out to help in understanding the mechanisms and so preventing damages to sensitive consumer's health.