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Background: The solid wastes and the wastewater (effluent) generated in the pulp and paper industry can be used to improve the soil fertility. However, the cation concentration in these residues can influence the bioavailability of some nutrients and soil properties. The objective of this study is to experiment the availability of the cations namely Ca, Mg, Na and K in laboratory (column) and the field. Methods: An experiment with PVC column was carried out in the laboratory to study the availability of cations as influenced by 13 irrigations with papermill effluent vis-à-vis in a field experiment in the Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2019-2020. Result: The pH, EC and the concentration of the cations were higher in the field soil compared to the column soil barring magnesium. This may be due to the clogging of pores resulting in decreased infiltration in field soil.

Agriculture is both affected by climate change but also contributes to it. As a sector, agriculture must therefore both adapt to changes and offers options for mitigation ie reducing greenhouse gas emissions and store carbon. The objective of the study is to explore the optimum level of plant nutrient for sustaining the desired crop productivity in hybrid cotton through optimization of benefit from all possible resources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner and to mitigate the green house gas emission through the adoption of Integrated Plant Nutrition System. The experiment was carried out in three locations with different soil fertility status with special emphasis to nitrogen levels in the soils. The fertilizer doses were fixed based on the soil test values and fertility grouping / indexing by International soil fertility evaluation and improvement programme. As part of organics, FYM was applied at two different levels, and the fertilizers were reduced accordingly. The results proved that application of organic manure @ 12.5 t ha-1 along with the recommended doses of nutrients proved superior in seed cotton production as well reduced nitrous oxide emissions.

Due to deforestation, urbanization and land use changes, the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu has been impacted by climate variation. This study was carried out to explore the impact of the land use changes in Nilgiris District from 2011 to 2017using remote sensing images acquired from Landsat 7. Temperature and rainfall data of the study area were also obtained from IMD Pune. The results show that the current trend of decreasing forest area and increasing agricultural land, and the area also experienced a temperature increase of 0.4 ◦C between 2011 and 2017. This study is crucial for land planners and environmentalists to understand the impacts of land use change on the climate in Nilgiris District.