Background:Helicobacter pylori remains a global health hazard, and vaccination would be ideal for its control. Natural infection appears not to induce protective immunity. Thus, the feasibility of a vaccine for humans is doubtful.Methods:In two prospective, randomised, double-blind, controlled studies (Paul Ehrlich Institute application nos 0802/02 and 1097/01), live vaccines against H pylori were tested in human volunteers seronegative for, and without evidence of, active H pylori infection. Volunteers (n = 58) were immunised orally with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Ty21a expressing H pylori urease or HP0231, or solely with Ty21a, and then challenged with 2×105 cagPAI− H pylori. Adverse events, infection, humoral, cellular and mucosal immune response were monitored. Gastric biopsies were taken before and after vaccination, and postchallenge. Infection was terminated with antibiotics.Results:Vaccines were well tolerated. Challenge infection induced transient, mild to moderate dyspeptic symptoms, and histological and transcriptional changes in the mucosa known from chronic infection. Vaccines did not show satisfactory protection. However, 13 of 58 volunteers, 8 vaccinees and 5 controls, became breath test negative and either cleared H pylori (5/13) completely or reduced the H pylori burden (8/13). H pylori-specific T helper cells were detected in 9 of these 13 (69%), but only in 6 of 45 (13%) breath test-positive volunteers (p = 0.0002; Fisher exact test). T cells were either vaccine induced or pre-existing, depending on the volunteer.Conclusion:Challenge infection offers a controlled model for vaccine testing. Importantly, it revealed evidence for T cell-mediated immunity against H pylori infection in humans.

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The article considers the agro-industrial sector, which represents a major sector of the national economy and plays an important role in regional economics of the Republic of Tatarstan. The development of small entrepreneurship in the agroindustrial complex forms the potential sustainability of the region's economics, especially in times of economic crises

Studies conducted as part of the Federal target program "Research and Development in Priority Directions for the Development of the Russian Science and Technology Complex for 2014-2020", showed high efficiency of interaction of calculated norms of mineral fertilizers with modern bioagents RECB-50B, RECB-95B and adaptogenic drugs. At the same time, the actual yield of spring rapeseed of the Gedemin variety exceeds the planned one (3 t/ha) by 9.3-12.3 %, respectively, the chemical load on the environment is reduced and the cost of production of oilseeds is reduced.