Ïðîáëåìû êëèíè÷åñêîé îôòàëüìîëîãèèÎôòàëüìîëîãè÷åñêèé aeóðíàë ¹ 2, 2011 45 Ââåäåíèå. Ïîâðåaeäåíèÿ îðãàíà çðåíèÿ îñòàþòñÿ îäíîé èç íàèáîëåå ÷àñòûõ ïðè÷èí ñíèaeåíèÿ çðåíèÿ.  30-60 % ñëó÷àåâ îíè ïðèâîäÿò ê îäíî-èëè äâóñòîðîííåé ñëåïîòå [2]. Çà ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ õàðàêòåð è ñòðóêòóðà ãëàçíîãî òðàâìàòèçìà èçìåíèëèñü [6]. Çíà÷èòåëüíî âîçðîñ óäåëüíûé âåñ ïîâðåaeäåíèé îðãàíà çðåíèÿ âî âðåìÿ äîðîaeíî-òðàíñïîðòíûõ ïðîèñøåñòâèé, ïðè êîòîðûõ âûÿâèëñÿ íîâûé ïîâðåaeäàþùèé ôàêòîð â òðàíñïîðòíûõ ñðåäñòâàõïîäóøêè áåçîïàñíîñòè [1]. Ïîäóøêà áåçîïàñíîñòè (ÏÁ) àâòîìîáèëÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñïåöèàëüíóþ ñóìêó ñ âíåøíåé ýëà-ñòè÷åñêîé îáîëî÷êîé, êîòîðàÿ íàïîëíÿåòñÿ âîçäóõîì èëè äðóãèìè ãàçîîáðàçíûìè âåùåñòâàìè è ïðåäíàçíà÷åíà äëÿ çàùèòû âîäèòåëÿ è ïàññàaeèðîâ â ñëó÷àå àâòîìîáèëüíîãî ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ [3]. Ïåðâûå ÏÁ áûëè ïðåäëîaeåíû àâòîìîáèëüíîé êîìïàíèåé Mersedes â 1971 ãîäó, ÷òî ïîñëóaeèëî íà÷àëîì ðàçâèòèÿ ïðèíöèïèàëüíî íîâîé ñèñòåìû çàùèòû àâòîìîáèëèñòîâ è ïàññàaeèðîâ. Íîâèçíîé ðàçðàáîòêè îêàçàëîñü ìãíîâåííîå è ýôôåêòèâíîå ñðàáàòûâàíèå çàùèòíîãî óñòðîéñòâà â íåîáõîäèìûé àâàðèéíûé ìîìåíò. Ïðåäëîaeåí ðÿä ðàçëè÷íûõ ìîäåëåé çàùèòíûõ ñèñòåì. Íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü íàñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ óaeå áîëåå äåñÿòêà ðàçíîâèäíîñòåé ÏÁ, êîòîðûå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ â òðàíñïîðòíûõ ñðåäñòâàõ îòå÷åñòâåííîãî è çàðóáåaeíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà. Ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ îíè ðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà íàðóaeíûå, äëÿ çàùèòû âîäèòåëåé ìîòîöèêëîâ è ïåøåõîäîâ, è âíóòðèñàëîííûå (ôðîíòàëüíûå è áîêîâûå), ïðåä-íàçíà÷åííûå äëÿ âîäèòåëåé àâòîìîáèëåé è ïàññàaeèðîâ. Îäíàêî âñå ìîäåëè èìåþò îáùèé ïðèíöèï äåéñòâèÿ, à èìåííî -ëþáàÿ ñèñòåìà ÏÁ ñîñòîèò íà êàôåäðå îôòàëüìîëîãèè Íàöèîíàëüíîãî ìåäèöèíñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èìåíè À. À.Áîãîìîëüöà. Îáñëåäîâàíî 27 ïàöèåíòîâ (54 ãëàçà). Òðàâì äåòåé ÏÁ íå çàðåãèñòðèðîâà-ÓÄÊ: 617.7-001:629.113-073 ÎÑÎÁÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ ÏÎÂÐÅAEÄÅÍÈß ÎÐÃÀÍÀ ÇÐÅÍÈß ÏÎÄÓØÊÀÌÈ ÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÈ Â ÒÐÀÍÑÏÎÐÒÍÛÕ ÑÐÅÄÑÒÂÀÕ Ã. Ä. AEàáîåäîâ, ÷ë.-êîðð. ÍÀÌÍ Óêðàèíû, ä-ð ìåä. íàóê, ïðîô., çàâ. êàô. îôòàëüìîëîãèè Íàö. ìåä. óíèâåðñèòåòà èì. À. À. Áîãîìîëüöà, Î. Â. Ïåòðåíêî, êàíä. ìåä. íàóê, àññ. êàô. îôòàëüìîëîãèè Íàö. ìåä. óíèâåðñèòåòà èì. À. À. Áîãîìîëüöà, Ì. Â. Åëüöîâà, âðà÷ îôòàëüìîëîã Àëåêñàíäðîâñêîé êëèí. áîëüíèöû ã. Êèåâà, Ä. Ã. AEàáîåäîâ, êàíä. ìåä. íàóê, àññ. êàô. îôòàëüìîëîãèè Íàö. ìåä. óíèâåðñèòåòà èì. À. À. Áîãîìîëüöà Íàöèîíàëüíûé ìåäèöèíñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò èìåíè À. À. Áîãîìîëüöà, êàôåäðà îôòàëüìîëîãèè  ðîáîò³ ïðîàíàë³çîâàíî 27 âèïàäê³â òðàâì îðãàíà çîðó ïîäóøêàìè áåçïåêè â òðàíñïîðòíèõ çàñîáàõ. Âèÿâëåíî îñîáëèâîñò³ òàêîãî âèäó òðàâìàòèçìó òà óìîâè, ïðè ÿêèõ âîíè âèíèêàþòü. Äëÿ òðàâì îðãàíà çîðó ïîäóøêàìè áåçïåêè õàðàêòåðí³ ïðÿì³ êîíòó糿 îáîõ î÷åé (92,6 %) ð³çíîãî ñòóïåíÿ âàae-êîñò³. Òàê³ ïîøêîäaeåííÿ ÷àñò³øå ìàþòü õàðàêòåð ïîë³òðàâìè (66,7 %) òà çàêîíîì³ðíèé çâ'ÿçîê ç ïåâíèìè óìîâàìè çíàõîäaeåííÿ âîä³ÿ òà ïàñàaeèð³â â ñàëîí³ àâòîìîá³ëÿ. ×àñò³øå îòðèìóþòü òðàâìó ïàñàaeèðè, ÿê³ íå ïðèñòåáíóò³ ðåìåíåì áåçïåêè (88,9 %).Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïîâðåaeäåíèÿ îðãàíà çðåíèÿ, ïîäóøêè áåçîïàñíîñòè, òðàíñïîðòíûå ñðåäñòâà.
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