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Vehicles will be wirelessly connected in the future and they will be able to exchange information with other vehicles and their surroundings for safer and more efficient driving. 5G communication systems have introduced advanced functionalities and radio solutions to support connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) services with demanding Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. However, interoperability among involved stakeholders, seamless connectivity and the uninterrupted delivery of real-time services across borders are issues that should be carefully analyzed for the realization of crossborder CCAM services. This paper provides an overview of key standardization bodies by analyzing recent work on key technologies to provide cross-border connectivity services for CCAM. Standardization gaps and regulatory barriers that may affect fast and efficient adoption of 5G-enabled CCAM services, are also discussed. Index Terms-5G, vehicle-to-everything, V2X, connected and automated driving, QoS, MEC, cross-border. I. INTRODUCTIONehicles of the future will be more automated and wirelessly connected to cooperate with each other and with their surroundings, e.g., road infrastructure, pedestrians, etc. Wireless communication among vehicles can complement the on-board sensors by extending detection ranges even when visual line-of-sight is not available. Wireless communication is important also for cooperative manoeuvres among vehicles. Both features can contribute to safe and efficient driving, especially for higher levels of driving automation, where no or limited human interaction is needed.Cellular V2X (C-V2X) communication enables the provision

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SUMMARYThe open source wireless network simulator (openWNS) is presented. It has been released in January 2009 as open source software. openWNS is a dynamic event driven system level simulation platform useful for investigation of dynamic protocol behaviour in multi-cellular mobile radio network scenarios with detailed signal interference modelling. The platform follows a modular design down to atomic protocol building blocks, making possible to rapidly modify and extend a protocol stack implemented. openWNS includes models from physical to application layer and is supported by a large number of Unit Tests. The tool has been used for IMT-Advanced evaluation within the European WINNER+ evaluation group.

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