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Design -and-build competitions are useful in teaching the creative and practical aspects of engineering design. The civil engineering students at Michigan State University participate in three design competitions: the Waste-management Education and Research Consortium (WERC) Intemational Environmental Design contest, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Concrete Canoe Competition, and the American Institute of Steel ConstructiodASCE Steel Bridge Competition. Each competition offers a diJcerent level of multidisciplinary experience. The environmental competition demands consideration of business, economic, regulatory, health, safety, and community relations aspects of design alternatives. The concrete canoe competition requires consideration of a variety of subdisciplines of civil engineering such as hydrodynamics, materials engineering, and construction management. The steel bridge contest provides virtually no multidisciplinary interaction. The nature of each contest, size of project team, degree of faculty involvement, resource commitment and the mechanics of learn building are presented. The value of the multidisciplinary aspect of each competition in team building is assessed. 0-7803-3348-9 0 IEEE 276 @ FIE '96 Proceedings ,9( E

The opportunities for recovery of chromim'(II1) in cattlehide tanneries were investigated by reviewing the recent literature on chromium recovery techniques, performing an intensive sampling and analysis program in such a plant, and conducting a series of laboratory'treatability studies. It was concluded that direct reuse of spent tanning liquours provided the most costeffective means of,recovering soluble chromium from this source. Recovery from incineration. The cost-effectiveness of this approach will depend upon numerous external factors, however.' solid waste streams, such as shavings and trimnings waste. is feasible using

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