Wnt3A, β-catenin, and cyclin D1 are recognized as key components of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. However, in this study, there was no significant expression of all the three genes in OSCC. The proto-oncogene c-MYC showed statistically significant upregulation in cancer tissue samples suggesting that the OSCC among South Indian population is primarily not mediated by the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

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In conclusion, the occurrence of infection after orthognathic surgery is influenced by multiple factors, among which are the type of osteotomy, smoking habit and bone grafting procedures.

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Surgery for orbital trauma is challenging. A good understanding of the orbit, its normal form, function, and the varying patterns of its disruption due to trauma is essential for its proper management. The aim of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive clinical overview of all facets of orbital trauma for the young surgeon. The chapter has been structured to include the basics of (i) anatomy, (ii) biomechanics of injury, (iii) classification and their clinical implications, (iv) surgical approaches and (v) management options available for individual types of fractures. Special features of this chapter include descriptions of clinical features exclusive to orbital trauma with a section for management of orbital emergencies. A detailed note is provided for the management of fractures of the orbital floor including guidelines for deep orbital dissection and elaboration of the principles of reconstruction. The role of computer assisted surgery, intra-operative navigation and patient specific implants has also been added to explain the recent advances in this field of surgery.