Fusarium spp. has been associated with a broad spectrum of emerging infections collectively termed fusariosis. This review includes articles published between 2005 and 2018 that describe the characteristics, clinical management, incidence, and emergence of these fungal infections. Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum are globally distributed and represent the most common complexes. Few therapeutic options exist due to intrinsic resistance, especially for the treatment of invasive fusariosis. Therefore, the use of drug combinations could be an important alternative for systemic antifungal resistance. Increase in the number of case reports on invasive fusariosis between 2005 and 2018 is evidence of the emergence of this fungal infection.

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Wastes arising from human activities can reach water bodies and contribute significantly to the presence of antibiotic resistant bacterial populations in aquatic environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cultivable antibiotic resistant bacterial populations from a coastal lagoon impacted by agriculture and urbanization activities. Water samples were collected in low and peak season and characterized regarding physicochemical variables, microbiological indicators and the presence of antimicrobial residues. In order to analyze the presence of resistant bacterial populations, the samples were grown in the presence of nalidixic acid, ceftazidime, imipenem and tetracycline. Genes associated with β-lactamic resistance (blaCTX-M-like, blaGES-like, blaOXA-51, blaOXA-23-like, blaSHV-like, blaTEM-like and blaSPM-1), class I integron and efflux systems (tetA, tetB, acrA, acrB, tolC, adeA, adeB, adeR, adeS, mexB, mexD, mexF and mexY) were analyzed by conventional in vitro amplification. Although antimicrobials residues were below the detection limit, resistant bacteria and resistance determinants - blaGES, class I integron, adeS, acrA, acrB, tolC, mexB, mexF - were present at almost all points, in both seasons and for all antimicrobials assessed. The high numbers of resistant bacteria counts observed after the antibiotic treatment were positively correlated to the urbanization effects on the Lagoon. Some resistant populations were even higher in the low season samples, indicating the importance of a systematic evaluation of antibiotic resistance on water resources.

Summary Background The influence of biofilm on the complexity of fungal diseases has been reported in recent years, especially in non‐invasive mycoses such as keratitis and onychomycosis. The difficulty in treating cases of fusariosis in the human medical clinic exemplifies this situation, because when Fusarium spp. are present in the form of biofilm, the permeation of antifungal agents is compromised. Objectives This study proposes an association of clioquinol, an inhibitor of fungal cells with antifungal drugs prescribed to combat fusariosis in humans. Methods Susceptibility was assessed by microdilution in broth. Formation of biofilm by staining with violet crystal. Inhibition and removal of biofilm using the MTT colorimetric reagent. Time‐kill combination, hypoallergenicity test, cytotoxicity test and toxicity prediction by computer analysis were also performed. Results Clioquinol associated with voriconazole and ciclopirox inhibited biofilm formation. Possibly, clioquinol acts in the germination and elongation of hyphae, while voriconazole prevents cell adhesion and ciclopirox the formation of the extracellular polymeric matrix. The CLIO‐VRC association reduced the biofilm formation by more than 90%, while the CLIO‐CPX association prevented over 95%. None of the association was irritating, and over 90% of the leucocytes remained viable. Computational analysis does not reveal toxicity relevant to CLIO, whereas VRC and CPX showed some risks for systemic use, but suitable for topical formulations. Conclusions The combination of CLIO‐VRC or CLIO‐CPX proved to be a promising association strategy in the medical clinic, both in combating fungal keratitis and onychomycosis, since they prevent the initial process of establishing an infection, the formation of biofilm.

Resumo: A aquicultura vem sendo apontada como um setor de atividade de relevância sócio-ambiental por seus potenciais benefícios ou pelos impactos ambientais, bem como por seu valor estratégico em termos de segurança alimentar mundial e, também, econômicos. Poucos são os países com tamanha disponibilidade de ambientes propícios a aquicultura como o Brasil, sendo uma das atividades agropecuárias com maior potencial de crescimento na atualidade. Também a pesca exerce um papel econômico e social relevante. Mapear tais atividades econômicas no país é tarefa essencial, tanto para o planejamento de estratégias de crescimento do setor, aprimoramento de tecnologias, bem como para o planejamento ambiental. Visando auxiliar no mapeamento das atividades aquícolas no Brasil, foi realizado um levantamento dos estabelecimentos aquícolas e de pesca nas regiões brasileiras com relação à produção e venda, com base em dados oficiais do ano de 2006 (IBGE), indicando regiões de destaque para cada cultura, refletindo sobre potenciais de crescimento e riscos ambientais a serem considerados. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a região Nordeste se destaca tanto em número de estabelecimentos aquícolas quanto em produção de peixes e camarões, enquanto a região Sul destaca-se em número de estabelecimentos produtores de ostras, vieiras e mexilhões. Entretanto, observou-se que a produção apresentou potencial de aumento, sendo essa última década estratégica para planejamento de ampliação do setor no país, de modo sustentável e socialmente justo. Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento sustentável. Piscicultura. Produção animal.Abstract: Aquaculture has been identified as a sector of social and environmental importance due to its potential benefits or impacts on the environment, as well as its strategic value in terms of global food security and the economy. There are few countries with the availability of suitable environments for aquaculture as Brazil, this being a farming activity with one of the greatest potentials for growth today. Furthermore, fishing plays an important economic and social role. The mapping of such economic activities in the country is an essential task, both for planning growth strategies for the sector, improvement of the technology, as well as environmental planning. With the aim of assisting in the mapping of aquaculture activities in Brazil, a survey was carried out of aquaculture and fishing establishments in various regions of the country, in relation to production and sales, based on official data from 2006 (IBGE), indicating the prominent regions for each crop, and reflecting on growth potential and the environmental risks to be considered. The results show that the Northeast stands out both in the number of aquaculture establishments and in the production of fish and shrimp, while the South stands out in the number of establishments producing oysters, scallops and mussels. However, it could be seen that production has the potential to increase, with this last decade being strategic for planning the expansion of the ...