During 2017, the National Seismological Network (RSN: UCR-ICE) located 2755 earthquakes and reported 216 felt events, including four significant earthquakes with magnitudes Mw between 5.5 and 6.3. The majority (91%) of the felt earthquakes were shallow (< 30 km) and 63 % had low magnitudes (Mw < 3.9). Local and regional faulting caused 62% of the felt earthquakes and the remaining were originated by the subduction of the Cocos plate. The geographic areas with the highest seismicity were located near Jaco and the Irazú and Poas volcanoes. The highest Modified Mercalli intensity observed was VI+ caused by the Jaco (6.3 Mw) earthquake. Keywords: Seismic activity, Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI), Moment Magnitude (Mw), Subduction, Local Faulting. RESUMEN:Durante el 2017 la Red Sismológica Nacional (RSN: UCR-ICE) localizó 2755 sismos y reportó 216 eventos sentidos por la población, incluyendo cuatro sismos relevantes con magnitudes (Mw) de entre 5,5 y 6,3. La mayoría (91%) de los sismos percibidos fueron superficiales (< 30 km) y el 63% tuvo una magnitud baja (Mw < 3,9). El fallamiento local y el regional provocaron el 62 % de los sismos sentidos, mientras que el resto de los sismos fueron originados por el proceso de subducción de la placa del Coco. Las zonas con la sismicidad más alta fueron Jacó y los volcanes Irazú y Poás. La intensidad Mercalli Modificada máxima observada durante el 2017 fue de VI+ debido al sismo de Jacó (Mw 6,3). Palabras clave: Actividad sísmica, Escala de Intensidad de Mercalli Modificada (MMI), Magnitud Momento (Mw), Subducción, Fallamiento local.
We have identified a minor hemoglobin component (approximately 5%) in the blood of a healthy Costa Rican female, but not in her mother and two brothers (father not studied), that has an His --> Arg replacement at position beta 77 (Hb Costa Rica). No other amino acid replacements were observed and no beta- or gamma-chain-like peptides were present. Hb Costa Rica has abnormal stability. Sequence analyses of numerous polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified segments of DNA that contain exon 2 of the beta gene failed to identify a CAC --> CGC (His --> Arg) mutation. The same was the case when cDNA was sequenced, indicating that a beta-Costa Rica-mRNA could not be detected with this procedure. Gene mapping of genomic DNA with Bg/II, BamHI, and HindIII gave normal fragments only and with the same intensity as observed for the fragments of a normal control. The quantities of the beta chain variants Hb J-Iran and Hb Fukuyama with related mutations at beta 77 vary between 30% and 45% in heterozygotes, whereas that of Hb F-Kennestone with the same His --> Arg mutation but in the G gamma-globin gene, is a high 40%-45% (as percentage of total G gamma) in a heterozygous newborn. These different observations exclude a heterozygosity of the A --> G mutation at codon beta 77, as well as a deletion comparable to that of Hbs Lepore or Kenya, or a beta-globin gene duplication, and point to a nontraditional inheritance of Hb Costa Rica. Allele-specific amplification of cDNA with appropriate primers identified the presence of a low level of mutated mRNA in the reticulocytes of the patient, which was confirmed by dotblot analysis of the same material with 32P-labeled probes. Comparable amplification products were not observed in genomic DNA. The A --> G mutation apparently occurred in a somatic cell at a relatively early stage in the development of the hematopoietic cell system, and Hb Costa Rica accumulated through rapid cell divisions in patchy areas in the bone marrow (somatic mosaicism). An unequal distribution of Hb Costa Rica over the red cells supports this possibility.
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