CHD is the most common birth defect with an incidence of 9 per 1,000 live births. The severity of the disease and the choice of treatment depend on the underlying anomaly. Despite advances in medical and surgical treatment that have led to more children with CHD reaching adulthood, disorders such as intestinal dysfunction, poor nutrition, and growth failure are still common in infants with CHD. Increased metabolic demand, decreased caloric intake, malabsorption, genetic factors, and fluid restriction can all result in an energy imbalance that negatively impacts morbidity and mortality in these patients. On the other hand, malnutrition is an important risk factor for adverse postoperative consequences. The state of nutrition affects growth and development, wound healing and the functioning of the immune system. Malnutrition affects both short-term and long-term postoperative outcomes. Recurrent infections caused by impaired immune system function and delayed healing of surgical wounds are considered short-term effects, while impaired growth, physical and cognitive development are seen as long-term effects. High postoperative mortality and morbidity, such as increased rates of hospitalization, delayed growth, prolonged recovery time, and longer hospital stays are associated with preoperative malnutrition. Appropriate nutrition protocols tailored to the requirements of patients with congenital heart disease help to improve short and long-term treatment outcomes. Nutritional and metabolic changes are age-dependent, and since this is a high-risk population, enteral and/or parenteral nutrition is difficult. Sources of increased metabolic demand in CHD include greater workload on the heart, pulmonary hypertension, and increased catecholamine secretion.

INTRODUCTION: Retinoids are a broad group of natural and synthetic compounds derived from vitamin A. Many studies have shown strong anti-aging effects, and they have also been shown to have therapeutic effects on acne vulgaris or psoriasis. Vitamin A and its derivatives make the skin more elastic and smooth, cause a decrease in fine wrinkles and cause an increase in fibroblast activity and collagen fiber production.  Retinoid compounds regulate biological processes of the skin such as immune processes, angiogenesis, proliferation and differentiation.    THE AIM OF STUDY:  The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of retinoids and the use of the substances in skin diseases.   MATERIALS AND METHOD:  Literature review of PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct and evaluation of available randomized controlled trials using retinoids in terms of treatment effectiveness in terms of skin quality, anti-aging benefits use in dermatology.   CONCLUSIONS:  Vitamin A and its derivatives plays an important role in anty-aging prevention and treatment of skin diseases, such as acne vulgaris, psoriasis and photo-aging. There are still many ongoing studies and not known opportunities of its use to treat other skin diseases that we should be aware of and keep track of new papers that indicate such.

Introduction The prostate gland is a small reproductive organ found in men. It consists of 3 zones: central, peripheral and transitional. The most common localization of prostate cancer in elderly men is the peripheral zone. Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men. It ranks second in terms of incidence and fifth in terms of lethality among men worldwide. There are many factors that contribute to the development of prostate cancer in men. We can divide them into two large groups: genetic factors and environmental factors. These include, among others: older age, ethnicity / race, positive family history, genetic predisposition, type of diet, obesity, smoking or higher height. Each of the above factors has a different impact on the incidence of prostate cancer, which has been demonstrated on the basis of the results of numerous studies and will be summarized in the following review. Materiał and Methods This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database, using the following keywords: „Prostate Cancer”, „Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer” and „Risk factors of Prostate Cancer”.  Conclusions Prostate cancer is a serious problem affecting men all over the world. Every year we observe an increasing incidence of this disease, which makes prostate cancer one of the most common cancers affecting men. There are many factors affecting the occurrence of this cancer, but it is extremely difficult to study their exact impact on the development of prostate cancer. Therefore, new initiatives and research should be undertaken to broadly understand the etiology and risk factors of this cancer.

Introduction and purpose Wilson’s disease is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder of copper metabolism. Its global genetic prevalence is estimated at around 1:30 000. However, in the case of many patients, it takes a long time to make a diagnosis, which delays introducing the right treatment.  This review aims to gather current knowledge about clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Wilson’s disease. Material and methods This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database, using the following keywords:  „Wilson’s disease”, „Wilson’s disease treatment”, „Wilson’s disease Pathogenesis”, and “Wilson’s disease Diagnosis”. ConclusionsThe diagnosis of Wilson’s disease is often delayed due to the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Screening of family members of people affected with Wilson’s disease can speed up the diagnosis in yet asymptomatic patients.Raising awareness about Wilson’s disease and diagnosing patients before the onset of serious symptoms may bring earlier diagnosis and improvement in the patient’s quality of life.

Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a collective term for heterogeneous metabolic disorders, the main factor of which is chronic hyperglycemia resulting from a defect in insulin secretion or action. It affects the damage, dysfunction and performance of various organs. The aim of the study The purpose of this article is to discuss type 2 diabetes mellitus. Presentation of the mechanisms involved in it and the complications it causes in the various organs. Material and methods This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed data base. The research was done by looking through keywords such as: ,,type 2 diabetes”, ,,diabetic cardiomyopathy”, ,,diabetic nephropathy”, ,,diabetic neuropathy”, ,,diabetic foot”, ,,diabetic retinopathy”, ,, risk factors for type 2 diabetes”.   Conclusions Many studies have shown that the presence of type 2 diabetes adversely affects the body. Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of organ complications, which significantly reduces the quality and shortens the life of patients. For that reason, care should be taken to reduce the incidence rate of this type of diabetes and to prevent and detect its complications early. Therefore, new initiatives and research should be undertaken to broadly understand the risk factors and mechanisms of developing type 2 diabetes complications.