Objective: Oncologic treatment can affect the adrenal glands, which in stressful situations may lead to life threatening adrenal crisis. The aim of the study was to assess adrenal function in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors and to identify the best markers for this assessment. Methods: Forty-three ALL survivors, mean age 8.5±3.6 years and 45 age and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited to the study. ALL patients were assessed once within five years following oncological treatment completion. Fasting blood samples were collected from all participants to measure: fasting blood glucose (FBG); cortisol; aldosterone; plasma renin activity (PRA); dehydroepiandrostendione-sulfate (DHEA-S); and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Moreover, diurnal profile of cortisol levels and 24-hour urinary free cortisol (UFC) were assessed. ALL survivors underwent a test with 1 ug of synthetic ACTH. Results: The study revealed lower level of PRA (1.94±0.98 ng/mL/h vs 3.61±4.85 ng/mL/h, p=0.029) and higher FBG (4.6±0.38 mmol/L vs 4.41±0.39 mmol/L, p=0.018) in the ALL group compared to controls. UFC correlated with evening cortisol (p=0.015, r=0.26), midnight cortisol (p=0.002, r=0.33), and DHEA-S (p=0.004, r=0.32). UFC also correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.033, r=0.23 and p=0.005, r=0.31, respectively). The ACTH test confirmed impaired adrenal function in 4/43 ALL survivors (9%). Two of the patients who needed permanent hydrocortisone replacement had low UFC, midnight cortisol and DHEA-S levels. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of reviewing adrenal gland functionality after chemo/radiotherapy in ALL survivors. DHEA-S proved to be a good marker to assess the adrenal glands after oncological therapy. Post-treatment disturbances of the adrenal axis could be associated with metabolic complications.

The article discusses the notion of abandonment of fishing gear in the legal regulation of the Sea Fisheries Act of 19 December 2014, in the broader context of the possibility of achieving public goals in private law, the exercise of the owner’s right to abandon a thing, and the impact of public law on private law in the sphere of property law. Firstly, the legal construction of abandonment and the context of Roman law is outlined. Then, the model of abandonment in Polish civil law is discussed (in which the occurrence of the effect of dereliction lies in the sphere of the owner’s will), as well as the modification of this institution in the case of abandonment of fishing gear (in which the occurrence of the effect of abandonment depends on the objective premise indicated by the legislator). It leads to the conclusion that some public goals can be pursued with the support of private law institutions, but the implementation of these goals is derived from highly specified and strict obligations of a public law nature and often involves a limitation of the owner’s rights.

The numerus clausus of property rights indicates that a mandatory closed catalogue of property rights exists in a given legal system; the content (method of creation, conveyance, expiration) of a right falling within this closed list is strictly specified and cannot be changed by the parties. In this way, the state consciously limits the activity of the parties in this regard, indicating the socially and legally acceptable types of property rights they can use. An insightful look at the development and explanation of this principle over the centuries and now seems to be necessary with the advancing unification of private law in Europe. The present article discusses the dogmatic basis of the concept of numerus clausus and outlines its history and economic reasoning behind it. Then, the main models of the numerus clausus in European legal orders as well as the functioning of this principle in Polish property law are presented. Subsequently, the strengths and weaknesses of the numerus clausus are examined. This provides us with general conclusions concerning the harmonization of this area of private law.

Jednym z kierunków zwiększenia skuteczności zarządzania przedsiębiorstwem jest decentralizacja ich systemów zarządzania. [...] Jedną z form decentralizacji jest wyodrębnienie w przedsiębiorstwie jednostek nazywanych ośrodkami odpowiedzialności lub centrami odpowiedzialności. Ośrodek odpowiedzialności to segment (fragment) obszaru funkcjonowania organizacji lub wewnętrzna jednostka organizacyjna, najczęściej zarządzana w sposób jednoosobowy, której kierownik jest odpowiedzialny za realizację celu wyznaczonego przez kierownictwo wyższego poziomu zarządzania.

Introduction: Oncological therapy can temporarily or permanently disrupt adrenal gland function. The aim of our study was to assess the function of adrenal glands in cancer survivors and to find the best diagnostic tools for it. Material and methods: Sixty patients aged 1.2-14.9 years (mean 8.3 ±3.5) with diagnosed malignancies and 45 healthy children as controls were recruited to the study. Patients were assessed 0-8 years (mean 2.4 ±2.0 years) after the oncological therapy. In all patients fasting blood samples were collected to measure: glucose, sodium, potassium, cortisol, aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), dehydroepiandrostenedione-sulphate (DHEA-S), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and antibodies against the adrenal cortex (AAA). Moreover, 24-hour urinary free cortisol (UFC) was assessed. Test with synthetic ACTH was carried out with 250 µg in neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma patients and with 1 µg in other oncological patients. Results: The levels of morning cortisol and sodium were significantly lower and blood glucose were higher in cancer survivors than in controls (p = 0.006, p = 0.043, p = 0.008). Basal laboratory tests confirmed adrenal insufficiency (AI) in 1 patient with neuroblastoma. Low-dose ACTH revealed AI in 3 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In the study group, UFC correlated with evening and midnight cortisol (p = 0.001, p = 0.006). In the control group UFC correlated with DHEA-S (r = 0.623, p = 0.0001). None of assessed parameters correlated with the time since the completion of oncological therapy. Conclusions:The study confirmed possibility of developing asymptomatic AI in cancer survivors even several years after therapy. Instead of morning cortisol, classical diagnostic low-dose ACTH test seems to be an optimal tool for adrenal function's assessment.