Multiple myeloma (MM) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients have increased morbidity and mortality rates of COVID‐19 due to immunosuppression associated with the disease and ongoing therapy. The same immune impairment accompanying CLL and MM also affects suboptimal vaccine response. The study assessed the effectiveness of the humoral and T cell‐mediated immunity following mRNA COVID‐19 vaccination (using either BNT162b2 or mRNA‐1273) in short‐term (2‐5 weeks after second dose) and long‐term follow‐up (12 weeks after vaccination). Between March and August 2021, blood samples were obtained from 62 CLL and 60 MM patients from eight different hematology departments in Poland. Total anti‐RBD antibodies were detected in 37% MM patients before vaccination, increased to 91% and 94% in short‐ and long‐term follow‐up, respectively. In CLL, serological responses were detectable in 21% of patients before vaccination and increased to 45% in the short‐term and 71% in long‐term observation. We detected a tendency to higher frequencies of specific CD8+ T cells against SARS‐CoV‐2 after vaccination compared to samples before vaccination in MM patients and no changes in frequencies of specific T cells in CLL patients. Our study provides novel insights into mRNA vaccination efficacy in immunocompromised MM and CLL patients, and our findings highlight that specific CD8+ T cells against SARS‐CoV‐2 might be induced by vaccination but do not correlate positively with serological responses.

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Mammary gland cancer, commonly known as breast cancer, is the most common malignancy in women in Poland. The occurrence of the disease and its treatment are associated with a decrease in physical fitness and endurance of the body, and also make it difficult to meet basic life needs and result in a deterioration in the quality of life. The aim of the study is to present physical activity in women with breast cancer and after mastectomy. Analysis of professional literature and available research results in patients undergoing oncological therapy in the treatment of breast cancer indicates the need for them to undertake physical activity and physiotherapy in order to minimize the effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and mastectomy. Analysis of studies in terms of the impact of physical activity on the rehabilitation and recovery of patients with breast cancer showed a significant impact of physical fitness on bone mineral density as the most important factor in the development and maintenance of normal bone metabolism. Physical exercises have also been shown to have a positive effect on patients during and after treatment. Regular physical exercise in women treated for cancer is essential and has a significant impact on reducing muscle deficits and the entire skeletal system.

The aging process is one of the natural stages of human life, it is characterized by both changes in human appearance and the degenerative process of internal organs. It is considered natural to counteract this process and delay it gradually. It is possible with good knowledge of the pathophysiology of aging processes and the involution of individual systems and organs. Therefore, this work is a “small compendium of knowledge” reminding about the physiological aspects of aging in some systems, which should be the basis for the selection of a diagnostic and treatment method in accordance with current medical standards.

Introduction. The profession of a nurse is next to the medical profession, one of the pillars of medical care in Poland and in the world. In recent years, the need to see the importance of this profession and the responsibility associated with it, both by the public and the doctors, is increasingly underlined. Aim. The research carried out is an attempt to answer the question, what attitudes towards nurses are shaped by future doctors already during the studies and what influence on students’ self-esteem on these attitudes. Material and methods. The research was conducted among 89 students of the medical faculty, Medical University in Lublin in April 2018. A questionnaire of own authorship was used, constructed on the basis of descriptive research carried out by Maik M. et al and the Rosenberg Self-Assessment Questionnaire (SES). The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis using the STATISTICA program, version 13.1. Result. The vast majority of medical students (80%) believe that the role of a nurse is underestimated both in society and in the medical community. Students think that this work requires sacrifice and constant vigilance. Students who have encountered nursing staff notice symptoms of burnout in some of them, such as depersonalization of patients (56%). However, most of them (60%) think that this is ungrateful work and often interferes with family life. Students do not agree that the nurse should always be smiling and optimistic (75%). She values her features such as patience, good organization of time (86%) and ability to cooperate with doctors (91%). Most of students think that a nurse is a partner of a doctor (73%), while almost half (49%) of them see imperfections in cooperation both professional groups, resulting from the lack of mutual respect (64%). Students notice the commitment and hard work performed by nurses (70%), and also, although to a lesser extent, they appreciate their knowledge (56%). Conclusion. Appreciation of the nurse’s role on the part of doctors seems to be particularly important due to the need for cooperation of medical staff. The quality of cooperation between the interdisciplinary team and, consequently, the quality of care and medical care depends to a large extent on the mutual respect, understanding and correct communication between these professional groups.