Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, a causative agent of the citrus canker (CC) disease, belongs to one of the essential groups of the bacterial phytopathogen family, Xanthomonadaceae. It has been a potential threat to the globally significant citrus fruit crop, which has remained under investigation for disease management and epidemiology since the 1980s. In Pakistan, the average yield of citrus is 11 t/ha, which is lower than other countries, including China, Brazil, and India, having average productions of 27, 26, and 22 tons/hectare, respectively. Citrus canker is one of the most devastating diseases, posing a significant threat to crop yield and fruit quality. To date, five distinct types (or forms) of the citrus canker have been recognized; the Asiatic (Canker A) form is most destructive and affects most citrus cultivars. Severe infection outcomes include dieback, defoliation, severely blemished fruit, premature fruit drop, and reduced fruit quality. The infection increases under humid, warm, cloudy climate, wind, and heavy rainfall. The analysis of plasmid and chromosomal DNA of X. citri subsp. citri depicted an evolutionary relationship among pathovars of Xanthomonas. The extensive study on the genome of X. citri subsp. citri has contributed to the current knowledge of plant host recognition of pathogens, host specificities, dissemination, and propagation. Regulatory programs, i.e., quarantine or exclusion, continued to be practiced, prohibiting infected citrus plant material into the existing stock. Other measures include removal of inoculums sources, resistant hosts, protective copper-containing sprays, and windbreak systems. In this review, we explored the latest trends in the areas of epidemiology, pathogenome, detection, host–pathogen interaction, biofilm formation, and management of X. citri subsp. citri.

Over the last few years, private and public organizations have suffered an increasing number of cyber-attacks owing to excessive exploitation of technological vulnerabilities. The major objective of these attacks is to gain illegal profits by extorting organizations which adversely impact their normal operations and reputation. To mitigate the proliferation of attacks, it is significant for manufacturers to evaluate their IT products through a set of security-related functional and assurance requirements. Common Criteria (CC) is a well-recognized international standard, focusing on ensuring security functionalities of an IT product along with the special emphasis on IS design and life-cycle. Apart from this, it provides a list of assurance classes, families, component, and elements based on which security EALs can be assigned to IT products. In this survey, we have provided a quick overview of the CC followed by the analysis of country-specific implementation of CC schemes to develop an understanding of critical factors. These factors play a significant role by providing assistance in IT products evaluation in accordance with CC. To serve this purpose, a comprehensive comparative analysis of four schemes belonging to countries including US, UK, Netherlands, and Singapore has been conducted. This comparison has aided to propose best practices for realizing an efficient and new CC scheme for the countries which have not designed it yet and for improving the existing CC schemes. Finally, we conclude the paper by providing some future directions regarding automation of the CC evaluation process.

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This study investigates how Pakistani still advertisements portray women and construct certain ideology. This qualitative research employs semiotic method to analyze the content. With stratified sampling technique, six advertisements have been selected all together that appeared in different magazines and in social media campaign of different products during the year 2019 taken mainly from Duniya Sunday Magazine, Weekly Akhbar-e-Jahan and social media pages of particular products. The selected advertisements analyzed the representation of Pakistani women in given time period with the help of semiotic analysis, whereas, the psychological lens is used to unveil the meaning and message constructed by specific signs within the advertisements. This study has examined the advertisers’ practice in depicting and constituting female identity in Pakistan, where most of the advertisements reveal Pakistani women as independent, confident and modern beings. This study will develop inferential and critical comprehension among masses regarding science of signs; also it would be significant for experts and policy makers who can retrieve Pakistani cultural elements while executing advertisements in future.

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