Prediabetes remains a diagnostic dilemma. It refers to impaired glycaemic values without reaching the threshold for diagnosing diabetes mellitus. Prediabetes is an important risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus, and it constitutes the stage during which microvascular and macrovascular complications are initiated. Early and accurate identification of this stage is the gold standard for prevention of diabetes and its consequences. Despite the multiplicity of diagnostic tests proposed for identification of this condition, a reliable test remains elusive. This article aims at reviewing the different available tests for diagnosis of prediabetes states with a focus on serum insulin levels. Insulin plays a major role in the pathophysiology and development of prediabetes. Different mechanisms of insulin resistance and insulin secretion are established in different subtypes of prediabetes. Therefore, fasting insulin level seems to be a reliable and promising tool for diagnosis and management of prediabetes.

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The excess use of chemical fertilizers diminishes soil fertility and yield from crops gradually. To regain and enhance our soil nutrients to get more yields, it is mandatory to rely on soil microbes. Some beneficial microbes’ termed as bio-fertilizers especially rhizosphere bacteria have well contribution in increasing plant growth, and yield without any toxins. It is a very natural process of interaction between plant and some microbes to increase the assimilation of nutrients and it helps plants to enhance better production. In this research, we showed the use of microbes especially Pseudomonas fluorescens survival in the soil. We applied different carriers such as dextrose, talc, and peat with freeze-dried P. fluorescens and studied the shelf-life of the P. fluorescens. Among different carrier’s peat with centrifuged cell suspension survived up to 60 days with significant CFU’s 2×107/gm CFU’s, our research will be a prospective to make new formulations and to increase the shelf-life and survival rate of soil microbes.