Article 1 Paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution stated that the state of Indonesia shall be a unitary state, with the form of a Republic and in article 37 paragraph (5) is affirmed that the form of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia may not be amended. There are two kinds of unitary state, namely unitary state with centralistic system and unitary state with decentralized system. The unitary state with decentralized system has five variants, namely; (1) unitary state with centralized decentralized system; (2) unitary state with decentralized system that decentralistic; (3), unitary state with proportional decentralized system; (4) unitary state with federalistic decentralized system, and (5) unitary state with confederate decentralized system. Out of the five unitary state models with the decentralized system, Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia in this reform era is unitary state with federalistic decentralized system when the the enactment of Law No.

Pemekaran wilayah marak ketika disahkannya Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 22 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah yang terakhir diubah menjadi UU Nomor 23 Tahun 2014. Pada awal kemerdekaan Indonesia hanya memiliki 8 provinsi, yaitu Sumatera, Borneo, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi, Maluku dan Sunda Kecil. Sekarang terdapat 34 Provinsi dan 524 Kabupaten/Kota. Faktor penyebab terjadinya dualisme administrasi pemerintahan adalah konflik tapal batas pada era otonomi daerah di Propinsi Riau, khususnya antara Kabupaten Kampar dengan Kabupaten Rokan Hulu adalah, ketidak jelasan titik koordinat tapal batas, kebijakan dan praktek administrasi pemerintah yang keliru, kepentingan pemilik modal, dan kepentingan poitik. Konflik tapal batas tersebut berdampak terhadap status kependudukan masyarakat yang menjadi dwi administrasi, hak pilih masyarakat sebagian menjadi hilang, dan konflik horizontal dan sesama aparatur pemerintah.Kebijakan yang ditetapkan dalam pemekaran wilayah Kabupaten Kampar dengan Kabupaten Rokan Hulu Propinsi Riau perlu mengkaji berbagai aspek, sehingga tidak memunculkan konflik pasca pemekaran wilayah. Para pemangku kepentingan (stakeholders) diharapkan mampu mewujudkan persatuan masyarakat, dan mendahulukan kepentingan masyarakat dari kepentingan-kepentingan lainnya, sehingga dualisme administrasi pemerintahan dapat dihindari dan adanya staus kependudukan yang jelas bagi masyarakat yang ada di perbatasan Kabupaten Kampar dan Kabupaten Rokan Hulu, terutama 5 desa yang menjadi permasalahan di kawasan tapal batas tersebut.

The diversity of crops can be produced via mutagen induction. Its result can be utilized as a source of genetic material in the plant breeding activities to produce a high-quality variety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenotype performance of Bima varieties of Shallot (Allium cepa var ascalonicum) result of Ethyl Methane Sulfonate induced. This study used a randomized complete block design, with the treatment of five levels of EMS concentrations. Data obtained were analyzed of variance and if EMS treatment was significant difference that will be proceeded to Duncan Multiple ranged Test. The present study found that EMS treatment differed significantly for all parameters (p< 0.05). The first generation of Bima shallot exhibited growth inhibition and decrease of yield with increasing of EMS concentration than control. The reduction of these parameters may be caused by genetic changing and physiologically damage as consequences of EMS treatments. The EMS treatment of 100 ppm displayed a higher value for all parameters compared to 200, 300, and 400 ppm of EMS.