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R acquired funding and supervised the project. M.M. wrote initial experimental code and organized early phases of the project. A.N.M performed surgery. A.N.M. and C.P.M. performed experiments and recorded the data. C.P.M. analyzed the data and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. All authors discussed the results at all stages of the project and contributed to the final manuscript.

Similar to STN-DBS, GPi-DBS reduces motor cortical β-γ PAC, like that also reported with dopaminergic mediations, suggesting it is a generalizable symptom biomarker in PD, independent of therapeutic target or proximity to the hyperdirect pathway.