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Synthesis of tin-incorporated nanocomposite diamond like carbon films by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and their characterizationAtomic-to-mesoscopic scale structural transition in metal-carbon diamondlike composites probed by secondharmonic generation

Tip geometry can have a large impact on image quality, resolution, and, depending on the sensing mode, image interpretation of scanned probe microscopy data [1]. Until recently, SPM investigations have lacked detailed characterization of tip geometries. For instance, an in-depth analysis of the tip geometry could lead to standards-based tip imaging via envelope functions [2]. Similar to SPM, atom probe tomography and field ion microscopy could also benefit from a better understanding of tip geometries for improved reconstruction accuracy, evaporation potential determination, and trajectory aberration correction. Successful atomically precise manufacturing (APM) using STM tips depends heavily on the ability to develop and characterize tips with near atomic surface precision [3].During development of tips for APM, several processing techniques for extremely low radius of curvature W tips were developed. In order to fully characterize the tip geometry, hardware was developed that allows for cross sectional tomographic imaging of W wire shaped tips in a modern TEM or STEM, along with FIM, Atom Probe Tomography, and imaging in a UHV STM [4]. During characterization of the tip geometries using SEM, TEM, FIM, and atom probe, it was found that the tip radius was several orders of magnitude larger than expected (Fig 1). Characterization of the tips using STEM-EELS, -EDS and atom probe tomography revealed the presence of a thick (>50 nm), low density WO x . The sub-oxide layer was significantly thicker and less dense than expected for simple reactions with air.Subsequent changes in the experimental methods for cross-examination with all of the above techniques revealed that the oxide formation was actually due to electrostatic discharge (ESD). It is worth noting that most ESD events that result in tip morphology changes are not observable visually or via human touch. Using good ESD tip handling protocol such as continuous grounding of specimen holders and tweezers during transfer had a profound effect on the ability to image in STM mode with nearly atomically sharp tips (Fig 2). Correlating the tip geometry with STM operation has also been illustrated in this work.

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