This paper aims to investi gate the effects of entrepreneurial ori entation (EO) and i nnovation capacity (IC) on the sus tainable competi tive adv antage of social enterprises (SEs) within the context of Saudi Arabia. The data used to achieve this objective were collected through a ques tionnaire s urvey administered to 110 participants. The analysis of the data via SPSS indicated that entrepreneurial orientation positively affects both innovation capacity and competi tive advantage. Moreover, the findings i ndicate that i nnovation capacity positively affects the sustai nable competitive advantage of Saudi social enterprises. In addition, innovation capacity positively mediates the rel ationshi p between entrepreneurial orientation and sustainable competi tive advantage. The findi ngs of this study could be us ed by managers of social enterprises to define policies suited to help the achievement of sustainable competitive advantage, which is a target of the Saudi Vision 2030 plan.

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The main objective of this paper is to investigate the main challenges that startups face in Saudi Arabia. It tries to identify the wave of opportunities that come along with startups and analyze the main factors for success and sustainability. A sample of 40 respondents was established. According to the survey results, consumer-oriented activity dominates startup activities. Startups remain mainly dependent on non-equity funding. The first challenge that startups encounter is finding funding. Saudi startups are more focused on product innovation. Most of the respondents think that aspects of the entrepreneur's personality and skills play a significant role in the success of startups.

Although the effects of transformational leadership (TL) on employee satisfaction are well-researched, empirical evidence on the mechanisms that explain these effects is still scarce. Therefore, this study proposes a “moderated mediation model” to examine the effects of TL on satisfaction. Based on a sample of 615 employees, the author tested the study's hypotheses using a two-stage structural equation modeling. The results show that the mediating effects—through workload and work engagement—are confirmed by the direct effect of TL on satisfaction. Further analyses reveal that the correlation between TL and satisfaction is significantly stronger for employees with high levels of perceived organizational support (POS). The proposed model provides multiple perspectives to understand the importance of stimulating employees' work engagement without turning their engagement into a type of workload, and on how decision makers should consider a degree of POS that is suitable for easing workload levels, as well as effectively increase work engagement.

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