The empirical research on the relationship between mortgage foreclosures and crime continues to evolve, and, with few exceptions, the results generally show that there is a relationship between community measures of mortgage foreclosure and crime levels. Lacking in this literature are studies that considered how foreclosures may impact domestic violence. For many families, home mortgages have significant meaning as an indicator of financial stability and represent a long-term commitment to a community through home ownership and the accompanying social and financial investments. Families who are threatened with the loss of their home to foreclosure experience a decrease in their financial status, and the stress triggered by the crisis may place them at greater risk for family violence. In this study, we examine the relationship between mortgage foreclosures and family violence. Using longitudinal panel data for Massachusetts cities and towns, our study focuses specifically on the years 2005–2009, the period that includes the Great Recession. We find that after controlling for other community indicators of economic health, higher levels of monthly mortgage foreclosures lead to higher levels of domestic violence.
Teoria neutralizacji Greshama Sykes’a i Davida Matzy (1957, s. 699) zakłada, że przestępcy nieustannie próbują reintegrować się ze społeczeństwem poprzez psychologiczne uznanie swoich dewiacyjnych zachowań za właściwie normatywne, przy użyciu ,,wymówek” nazwanych technikami neutralizacji. Sykes i Matza wyróżnili pięć takich technik: kwestionowanie odpowiedzialności, kwestionowanie szkody, kwestionowanie ofiary, potępianie potępiających oraz odwoływanie się do wyższych racji. Autorzy początkowo skupiali się na szerszym rozumieniu zjawiska neutralizacji niż na zgłębianiu funkcjonowania poszczególnych technik, które wyróżnili. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ustalenie, które techniki neutralizacji są najczęściej używane oraz w jakich okolicznościach (przy popełnieniu jakich przestępstw) neutralizacja jest najbardziej efektywna. Za pomocą planu czynnikowego sondażu diagnostycznego, który objął grupę studentów z Polski i ze Stanów Zjednoczonych ustalono, iż stosowalność neutralizacji różni się w zależności od użytej techniki i od okoliczności oraz że kwestionowanie odpowiedzialności stanowi najsilniejszą z technik.
This research strives to enrich criminological and educational literature by providing a better understanding of relationships among school performance and achievement, attendance, and demographic information based upon the number of exclusionary disciplinary actions within public high schools. Using data on 409 traditional high schools from the Pennsylvania Department of Education, this quantitative study uses path analysis to examine the relationships between school factors, including demographics and achievement measures, and exclusionary discipline. The findings indicated a direct relationship between a schools’ drop-out rate, AP courses, and standardized test scores and the schools’ total number of exclusionary disciplinary actions. In addition, socioeconomic status and attendance rates indirectly impacted exclusionary disciplinary actions. The study also determined a correlation between the number of minority students within a school and the total number of disciplinary actions. These findings have a number of implications for school systems that hope to eliminate the school-to-prison pipeline.
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