HIGHLIGHTS Combustion characteristics of dairy scum oil biodiesel were investigated. Optimized operating conditions for 20% blend of dairy scum oil biodiesel (B20) were IOP: 230 bar, IT: 26.deg.bTDC, CR: 18, and NH: 5 holes. Using dairy scum oil biodiesel, hemispherical and toroidal geometries of diesel engine piston bowl of were compared. Engine modification, i.e., TPBG, increased brake thermal efficiency and heat release rate by 5.5% and 17.24%, respectively. TPBG decreased brake specific fuel consumption, HC emission, and CO emission by 8.75%, 15%, and 14.47%, respectively.
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