The high-frequency components of engine block vibration signals during misfire and normal combustion show clear differences of duration and scale by wavelet analysis - continuous wavelet transform (CWT). A new factor, combustion noise intensity (`CNICWT'), has been defined, which has been derived from the CWT scalogram. It has been shown that CNICWT can detect misfire more accurately than fast Fourier transform power spectral density. Similarly, it has been found that CNICWT can also be applied to knock detection. The durations of both knock and misfire detection overlapped each other at the same wavelet scale 8; misfire, normal and knock cycles can be indicated on the same histogram by CNICWT. Moreover, knock and misfire detection can be combined to one CNICWT computation.

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Many Koreans engage in a variety of sports and physical activities during their leisure time.However, their involvement in certain sports has been largely decided by their material conditions, attitudes, and values. A survey was conducted to determine the relative contributions of class backgrounds and value orientations to two kinds of sports involvement (traditional and modern sports involvements). The results of analyses of sports participation models prompted three major conclusions:1. Korean adults living in Seoul valued rationalism and collectivism; there was no preference either for conservatism or progressivism nor for nonmaterialism or materialism. 2. Both social class and a collective orientation are related to participation in modern sports activities among male adults living in Seoul, Korea. In other words, people who are more well off and value collectivism are more likely to participate in modern sports. 3. Analysis suggests that cultural dual structure is present in a Korean society.Background and Purpose of the Study