No abstract

In the US, children diagnosed with cancer are living longer, but not without consequences from the same drugs that cured their cancer. In these patients, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of non-cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Although this review focuses on anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy in childhood cancer survivors, the global lifetime risk of other cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, arrhythmias and intracardiac conduction abnormalities, hypertension, and stroke also are increased. Besides anthracyclines, newer molecularly targeted agents, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, also have been associated with acute hypertension, cardiomyopathy, increased risk of ischemic cardiac events and arrhythmias, and are summarized here. This review also covers other risk factors for chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity (including both modifiable and non-modifiable factors), monitoring strategies (including both blood and imaging-based biomarkers) during and following cancer treatment, and discusses the management of cardiotoxicity (including prevention strategies such as cardioprotection by use of dexrazoxane).

Nota: Estas diretrizes se prestam a informar e não a substituir o julgamento clínico do médico que, em última análise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.

BackgroundA shift from Th1 to Th2 as well as an increase in Treg CD4+T cell subsets has been reported in septic patients (SP). Furthermore, these patients display modulation of monocyte function, with reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon LPS stimulus, which resembles the phenotype of alternatively activated macrophages. In this study, we evaluated the percentages of T cells differentiated into Th1, Th17 and Treg subsets, as well as the percentage of monocytes expressing markers of alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages (AAM) in SP.Methodology/Principal FindingsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from 32 healthy volunteers (HV) and from SP at admission (D0, n = 67) and after 7 days of therapy (D7, n = 33). Th1 and Th17 (CD3+CD8−) lymphocytes were identified by the intracellular detection of IFN-γ and IL-17, respectively, spontaneously and after PMA/Io stimulation, and Treg cells were identified by Foxp3+CD127- expression. Monocytes were evaluated for CD206 and CD163 expression. Absolute numbers of CD4+T lymphocytes were measured in whole blood samples by flow cytometry. The Mann-Whitney or Wilcoxon test was applied, as appropriate. The percentage of Th1 cells was lower in SP than in HV at admission after PMA/Io stimulation, whereas the percentage of Th17 cells was higher. In patients’ follow-up samples, a higher percentage of Th1 cells and a lower percentage of Th17 cells were observed on D7 compared with the D0 samples. Treg cells remained unchanged. Septic patients showed a markedly increased proportion of monocytes expressing CD163 and CD206.Conclusions/SignificanceUpon in vitro stimulus, the percentage of T helper lymphocytes producing IL-17 was higher in SP than in HV at admission, and the percentage producing IFN-γ was lower, a pattern that was reversed during follow-up. The increased expression of CD163 and CD206 indicates that monocytes may acquire the AAM phenotype during sepsis.