a b s t r a c tThe importance of animal production in the overall context of human activity is undisputed and influences food supply, job security, income producing, as well as landscape and local ecosystems conservation. This relevance enhances the charges by society as the environmental impacts of various activities, especially in relation to ruminant production amid the current problems of climate changes. In this context, we analyzed the main environmental impacts of two typical beef cattle production systems from southern Brazil, namely the extensive system (ES) and the improved system (IS), and identified the components that have the greatest environmental impacts using the life cycle assessment method. The basis of the system construction was a cattle herd that originated from 100 weaned heifers, four weaned calves, and the progeny of these cattle during their productive life (12 years), and the land areas, external inputs, and other natural resources and technologies necessary to the operations. The functional unit was the production of 1 kg of live weight. The values of greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and freshwater depletion in the ES were higher compared with those values obtained for the IS (22.52 and 9.16 kg CO 2 equivalents; 234.78 and 21.03 m 2 a; and 0.217 and 0.0949 m 3 , respectively). These variations were attributed to the permanence time of the animals in each system and to the quality and production of the pastures. The ES presented lower potential impacts than the IS on metal depletion and soil acidification (0.000519 and 0.0536 kg Fe equivalents; and 0.0028 and 0.0038 kg SO 2 equivalents, respectively) mainly due to the pasture improvement practices and the salt supply to the animals. Moreover, the values of freshwater eutrophication and fossil depletion were higher in the ES than in the IS (0.00383 and 0.00219 kg P equivalents and 0.0042 and À0.1255 kg oil equivalents, respectively). While the pasture nutrient loss from runoff and leaching defined the values of eutrophication, the introduction of legumes compensates the use of fossil fuels. The diversity of the results provides a better understanding of the environmental impacts of different production systems and of regional singularities.
RESUMO -Os efeitos dos meses do ano sobre a composição e produção do leite foram avaliados através do acompanhamento de 10 unidades produtoras de leite, divididas em três sistemas de produção classificados como especializado (ES), semi-especializado (SE) e não-especializado (NE), durante 11 meses do ano. Foram coletadas amostras de leite diretamente dos tanques refrigeradores para determinação das características físico-químicas e contagem de células somáticas (CCS). Quantificaram-se a incidência de mastite e a produção média de leite (litros/vaca/dia) e coletaram-se amostras de água utilizada para consumo e limpeza, de pastagem, concentrado e silagem. O delineamento adotado foi o completamente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial desbalanceado, considerando como fatores os meses do ano, os sistemas de produção e a sua interação. Não foi encontrada variação significativa entre os meses estudados para produção de leite, valores de crioscopia, porcentagens de gordura, extrato seco, nitrogênio não-protéico, CCS, composição química, contagem de coliformes da água e composição bromatológica do concentrado. Os maiores valores de proteína verdadeira do leite foram observados em outubro e novembro, enquanto os maiores de caseína, em outubro, novembro, março e abril. O extrato seco desengordurado foi superior em dezembro e a acidez variou juntamente com a incidência de mastite, sendo superior nos meses de novembro e maio. Em relação à proteína bruta, ocorreu interação entre meses e sistemas. Foram observadas correlações negativas entre produção de leite e gordura, mastite e CCS, e correlação positiva entre produção de leite e lactose. O leite produzido nos diversos meses do ano diferiu, principalmente, quanto à incidência de mastite, fração protéica, extrato seco desengordurado e acidez. A qualidade da água não se modificou expressivamente nos meses em que foi amostrada e se apresentou dentro dos limites considerados aceitáveis.Palavras-chave: característica físico-química do leite, contagem de células somáticas, mastite, produção de leite, variação sazonal Evaluation of Milk Quality on Different Months of Year at Pelotas Dairy Basin, RSABSTRACT -The effect of months of year upon milk production and quality was estimated through evaluation of ten dairy production units classified as specialized (S), partially specialized (PS) and not specialized (NS), which were visited on 11 months of the year. Bulk tank milk was sampled to determinate physical and chemical characteristics and somatic cell count (SCC), mastitis percentage and milk production (liters/cow/day). Besides that, samples of feeds and water used for drinking and cleaning were collected. There were not significant differences between months for milk production, crioscopy, percentages of fat, total solids, non protein nitrogen and SCC, but true protein percentages were higher on October and November, and casein showed higher values on October, November, March and April. Total solids were higher on December. Acidity varied in same way as mastitis percentage, higher on...
RESUMO -Este trabalho foi realizado a campo com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de pastejo de ovinos conduzidos em azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) nos estádios vegetativo, pré-florescimento e florescimento. Ovelhas ao final da gestação e início de lactação foram mantidas em um potreiro de 1,3 ha, onde foram avaliados o tempo de pastejo, taxa de bocados, peso de bocados e a relação folha:caule da forragem disponível e da forragem ingerida, estimada por coleta manual. Foram observados tempos de pastejo diário de 9,65; 10,97 e 10,68 h, taxas de bocados de 52,65; 51,93 e 40,63 bocados/min e pesos de bocados de 0,064; 0,055 e 0,048 g/bocado, que resultaram em taxas de consumo de forragem de 4,48; 3,91 e 2,72% do peso vivo/dia, nos estádios vegetativo, pré-florescimento e florescimento, respectivamente. Estas evoluções foram acompanhadas por diminuições das relações folha:caule da forragem disponível (3,6:1; 1,44:1 e 0,56:1), evidenciando a limitação qualitativa da forragem no estádio de florescimento. Estes dados demonstraram que, até o estádio de pré-florescimento, as estratégias desenvolvidas pelos animais permitiram adequado consumo de forragem, enquanto, no estádio de florescimento, a baixa qualidade da pastagem determinou queda no consumo, considerado insuficiente para atender as necessidades nutricionais de ovelhas lactantes com seus respectivos cordeiros.Palavras-chave: azevém, coleta manual, comportamento animal, consumo, estágios fenológicos, ovinos Sheep Behavior at the Pregnancy and at the Lactation Grazing on Different Phenological Stages of Annual RyegrassABSTRACT -This work was carried out at the field to evaluate the grazing sheep behavior conducted in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on vegetative, pre-flowering and flowering stages. Ewes at the end of pregnancy and at the beginning of lactation maintained in a 1.3 ha paddock were evaluated in terms of grazing time, bite rate, bite size, leaf:stem ratio of ingested pasture estimated by hand-plucking method. Daily grazing time/h of 9.65, 10.97 and 10.68, bite rates/min of 52.65, 51.93 and 40.63 and the bite weight g/bite of 0.064, 0.055 and 0.048 were observed for vegetative (VS), pre-flowering (PS) and flowering stages (FE), respectively. This behavior resulted in forage intake rates of 4.48%, 3.91% and 2.72% of body weight on VS, PS an FS, respectively These evolutions were accompanied by reduction of the leaf:stem ratio of available forage (4.36:1, 1.11:1 and 0.17:1) which were in accordance to the qualitative limitation that occurs in the flowering stage. These data showed that until pre-flowering stage, the strategies desenvolved by the animals allowed an adequate intake forage, while that in the flowering stage the low quality pasture determinated a decrease intake, being this considerate insufficient to attend nutritional necessities of lactating ewes and respective lambs.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.