Os mecanismos de gestão do patrimônio em países anteriormente sob o domínio ocidental tendem ainda a seguir aproximações que ignoram os valores que os povos indígenas atribuem a objetos e sítios arqueológicos nos seus territórios ancestrais. Além disso, estes mecanismos funcionam como uma ferramenta para desvincular as comunidades de participar no processo de proteção e gestão de um patrimônio que reclamam seu, desrespeitando-se assim os seus direitos humanos e coletivos. Com base no exemplo do povo Camëntsá, são apontados alguns dos motivos desse distanciamento e sugerido que uma abordagem colaborativa e intercultural da gestão do patrimônio seja mais adequada, pois está baseada numa compreensão inclusiva do patrimônio e reconhece que não só este é usado como forma de resistência, como também está sujeito à interpretação de diferentes grupos. No caso específico da arqueologia, é necessário expandir os horizontes da disciplina, reconhecendo a relação dos povos indígenas com o passado material, e trabalhar de uma forma em que pesquisadores, comunidades indígenas e instituições governamentais colaborem verdadeiramente.
The dichotomy between nature and culture in heritage and conservation is inappropriate in the case of indigenous peoples. Many natural sites are often considered sacred and consequently of both spiritual and biodiversity conservation significance. However, this dualist definition is the one usually imposed by nation states. Until 2002, Thailand’s development strategies involving indigenous peoples were mostly connected to what was referred to as the ‘hill tribes’ problems’. These strategies were designed without respecting indigenous peoples’ world views and concepts of good life. Consequently, a fragmentary world view was created among indigenous peoples. These issues are reflected in the establishment of national parks and ‘heritage sites’ as the lack of participation and consent generated many conflicts such as land tenure disputes, resettlement of the communities, difficulties in acquiring citizenship and cultural loss. As a counteracting measure, indigenous peoples have been creating community museums and organizations at local, regional and even transnational level to sustain their cultures and territories. This article suggests that heritage can play a role in a wide range of social, political and economic endeavours in our contemporary world and is used both by nation states to legitimize their interests and by indigenous peoples to legitimize struggles for self-determination.
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