One of the most economically important grapevine diseases is Downy mildew (DM) caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola. A strategy to reduce the use of fungicides to compensate for the high susceptibility of V. vinifera is the selection of grapevine varieties showing pathogen-specific resistance. We applied a metabolomics approach to evaluate the metabolic modulation in mono-locus resistant genotypes carrying one locus associated with P. viticola resistance (Rpv) (BC4- Rpv1, Bianca- Rpv3-1, F12P160- Rpv12, Solaris- Rpv10), as well as in pyramided resistant genotypes carrying more than one Rpv (F12P60- Rpv3-1; Rpv12 and F12P127- Rpv3-1, Rpv3-3; Rpv10) taking as a reference the susceptible genotype Pinot Noir. In order to understand if different sources of resistance are associated with different degrees of resistance and, implicitly, with different responses to the pathogen, we considered the most important classes of plant metabolite primary compounds, lipids, phenols and volatile organic compounds at 0, 12, 48, and 96 h post-artificial inoculation (hpi). We identified 264 modulated compounds; among these, 22 metabolites were found accumulated in significant quantities in the resistant cultivars compared to Pinot Noir. In mono-locus genotypes, the highest modulation of the metabolites was noticed at 48 and 96 hpi, except for Solaris, that showed a behavior similar to the pyramided genotypes in which the changes started to occur as early as 12 hpi. Bianca, Solaris and F12P60 showed the highest number of interesting compounds accumulated after the artificial infection and with a putative effect against the pathogen. In contrast, Pinot Noir showed a less effective defense response in containing DM growth.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a exigência térmica, obtida por diferentes métodos de cálculo, para caracterizar a fenologia das videiras (Vitis vinifera) 'Cabernet Sauvignon', ' Tannat Phenology and thermal accumulation in grapevines in the Fronteira Oeste region of Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the thermal requirement, obtained by different thermal time calculation methods, to characterize the grapevine (Vitis vinifera) phenology of 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 'Tannat', 'Ruby Cabernet', and 'Merlot' grown in the Fronteira Oeste region, of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The phenological development was followed for five seasons -2005/2006 to 2009/2010. Minimum and maximum air temperatures were recorded daily, and the following eight thermal time methods were tested: M1.1, M1.2, and M1.3, which use only the down threshold temperature (10°C); M2.1 and M2.2, which also consider 25°C as the optimum temperature for development; and M3.1, M3.2, and M3.3, which, besides using the prior temperatures, consider 35°C as the upper threshold temperature of development. These methods were compared using the standard error (SE) estimates of accumulated heat. The SNK test was used to compare the thermal requirement between cultivars. M3.3 was the method that best simulated 'Tannat' and 'Merlot' development (1,823.1 and 1,780.8 degree-day respectively). However, the least deviation was obtained in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Ruby Cabernet' using the M3.1 method (1,958.9 and 1,944.8 degreeday respectively). Methods employing the three cardinal temperatures showed greater accuracy. 'Tannat' and 'Merlot' are the cultivars that show the lowest thermal requirement to complete the cycle.

* RESUMO -Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar a germinação e o desenvolvimento de plantas oriundas de duas cultivares de pessegueiro 'Capdeboscq' e 'Okinawa' sob diferentes períodos de armazenamento, em viveiro comercial da empresa Frutplan Mudas Ltda, em Pelotas -RS, no período de maio a dezembro de 2009. Os caroços das duas cultivares foram armazenados em embalagens de papel por um período de 120 dias, sendo realizados os seguintes procedimentos: 10 dias de temperatura ambiente + 110 dias de frio; 40 dias de temperatura ambiente + 80 dias de frio; 70 dias de temperatura ambiente + 50 dias de frio; 100 dias de temperatura ambiente + 20 dias de frio e 120 dias de temperatura ambiente. Utilizando câmara fria programada para 6 ± 2 °C. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e 25 sementes por parcela, no arranjo fatorial 2x5 (duas cultivares e cinco períodos de estratificação). As variáveis analisadas foram: porcentagem de plântulas emergidas, altura das plantas, diâmetro do tronco medido a 10 cm do colo, índice de velocidade de emergência em campo (IVEC) e dias para obtenção de 70% de emergência. A emergência da cv. Okinawa foi próximo a zero, com isto não foi considerada para avaliação de plântulas. Para a cv. Capdeboscq verificou-se diferenças significativas apenas para a variável dias para obtenção de 70% de emergência de plântulas, 112 a 123 dias, exceto para o tratamento com maior horas de frio que não atingiu os 70% de emergência. Conclui-se que os períodos de estratificação e frio não se mostraram vantajosos para obtenção de porta-enxertos de pessegueiro destas cultivares nas condições em que foi conduzido o experimento.Palavras-chave: Pessegueiro. Armazenamento. Germinação. ABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to evaluate the germination and development of plants from two cultivars of the peach, 'Capdeboscq' and 'Okinawa', for different periods of storage, at the commercial nursery of the company Frutplan Mudas Ltda., in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, from May to December of 2009. The kernels of both cultivars were stored in paper wrappings for a period of 120 days, with the following procedures being carried out: 10 days at room temperature + 110 days of low temperature, 40 days at room temperature + 80 days of low temperature, 70 days at room temperature + 50 days of low temperature, 100 days at room temperature + 20 days of low temperature, and 120 days at room temperature, using a cold room programmed for 6 ± 2 °C. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with four replications and 25 seeds per plot, in a 5x2 factorial layout (two cultivars and five periods of stratification). The variables analyzed were: the percentage of seedling emergence; plant height; trunk diameter measured at 10 cm from the soil, speed of emergence in the field (SEF) and days taken to reach 70% emergence. The emergence of cv. Okinawa was close to zero and therefore it was not considered when evaluating the seedlings. For the cv. Capdeboscq, significant differences were ...

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