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Electric substations (ESS) are important facilities that must operate even under contingency to guarantee the electrical system’s performance. To achieve this goal, the Brazilian national electricity system operator establishes that alternating current (AC) auxiliary systems of ESS must have, at least, two power supplies, and in the case of failure of these sources, an emergency generator (EG) must at least supply energy to the essential loads. In order to improve the availability of auxiliary systems, a microgrid with other sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), can be an alternative. In this case, an economical optimization of the PV/BESS system must be addressed considering the costs associated with the installation and maintenance of equipment, and the gains from the credits generated by the photovoltaic system in the net metering scheme. In this paper, the size of the BESS system was determined to supply energy to the load of auxiliary systems of an ESS, as well as a PV system to achieve a null total cost. Furthermore, multi-objective optimization using the genetic algorithm technique was employed to optimize the size of the hybrid PV/BESS to minimize the investment cost and time when the demand was not met. Simulations under different scenarios of contingency were allowed to obtain the Pareto frontier for the optimal sizing of a PV/BESS system to supply energy to AC auxiliary systems in an ESS under contingency.

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Resumo Este artigo apresenta um design para modelar e construir um protótipo de um UAV quadrotor. Também são propostos alguns dispositivos elétricos e sensores a serem utilizados, mostrando suas características e necessidades no projeto. Para escolha dos dispositivos foram feitas comparações e estudos baseados em outros projetos.Abstract This paper presents a model to design and build a prototype of a quadrotor UAV. Also are proposed some electric devices and sensors to be used, showing their characteristics and their necessities in the project. To choose the devices were made comparisons based in other projects.