Resumo:Resumo: Resumo: Resumo: Resumo: Quando se buscam, em literatura, dados sobre a irrigação no Brasil, o que se encontra disponível é a área irrigada por estado e por método de irrigação. A distribuição dentro dos estados, o número de equipamentos e seu tamanho são de difícil obtenção, mesmo junto às indústrias. No entanto, essas são informações fundamentais quando se pretende estudar a disponibilidade hídrica ou o potencial de crescimento da área irrigada de uma região, por exemplo, temas esses bastante atuais com a crescente demanda por água potável em nível mundial e nacional. Com o presente trabalho objetivou-se coletar essas informações utilizando-se de imagens do satélite Landsat com base na característica intrínseca do sistema de pivô central de marcar com um círculo o local onde está instalado. Em função do referenciamento cartesiano das imagens e da sua articulação com os mapas do IBGE, foi possível desenhar os mapas estaduais com as áreas de concentração desse tipo de equipamento que, quando comparados com outras fontes, permitiram concluir-se pela validade da metodologia para obtenção dessas informações. Abstract Abstract: Irrigated areas by state and by irrigation method is the available information about irrigation in Brazil. Distribution inside the states, number or size is not easily found even through the industry. These data are very important when one intends to study water availability or growth potencial of irrigated areas for a specific site due to the increasing concern about drinking water worldwide and nationally. The present study had the objective to collect such information using satellite images from Landsat based on the intrinsic characteristic of the center pivot equipments, the circular mark on landscape easily visible. With comparison the geo-referenced images and its articulation with the official IBGE maps, it was possible to draw the state maps with the equipment density distribution, which, when compared to other available sources permitted to validate the methodology used for this purpose. INTRODUÇÃOO uso racional da água é, sem dúvida, o assunto do momento, devido principalmente à crescente demanda hídrica e sua escassez. O gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos para se evitar conflitos é, pois, fundamental, e para que ele ocorra de maneira eficiente, são necessárias informações sobre as várias fontes de demanda em nível de microbacias. No entanto, para a agricultura irrigada as informações disponíveis mencionam apenas a área irrigada por sistema por estado, sem conter informações sobre a sua distribuição geográfica no estado. Este dado é fundamental para estudos de disponibilidade hídrica em uma microbacia específica, por exemplo, ou ainda estudos de viabilidade para ampliação do perímetro irrigado.O sistema de irrigação tipo pivô central chegou ao Brasil na década de 1970, mas apenas nas décadas seguintes se consagrou como sistema de irrigação, impulsionado sobretudo por programas governamentais como o PROINE, PROFIR e o PRONI. De fácil operação, alta eficiência no uso d...
The disorderly soil occupation without the necessary conservationist practices leads to impacts on the local hydrology and induces the pollution of water resources. This pollution may come from more urbanized areas due to the amount of pollutants drained during the rains. Even moderate precipitations constitute one of the main factors that define pollutant runoff on the surface. These rains have recently been called light rains. Light rains have a lower precipitation height and a higher frequency compared to classic rains of drainage projects, being necessary to define them according to patterns of rain frequency for each region. This study aimed to characterize light rain in the municipality of Piracicaba to establish statistical standards for the frequency of certain precipitation heights. A database provided by the ESALQ/USP automatic weather station, which provides precipitation measurements every 15 minutes, was used in the present study. Light rain heights reached 40.3, 41.4, and 42.7 mm for 100, 90, or 80% frequencies, respectively, which implies the use of return periods of 1.00, 1.11, and 1.25 years, respectively.
There is little open-source software for trickle irrigation design and none of it is designed to simulate operating conditions on a specific hydraulic network already assembled in the field. Farmers employing trickle irrigation frequently need to change irrigation block operations over the years (parcel combinations), because of plant renovations in certain areas of the irrigated field or the adoption of precision irrigation. This work free software developed using Visual Basic® language that is able to simulate different block combinations of parcels, taking into consideration the pump parameters of flowrate, pressure, power requirements and efficiency and the main hydraulic network parameters of water speed, pressure and head loss. The software we developed was applied to a trickle irrigation system for citrus growing. The equations used to calculate head loss were Hazen-Williams and Darcy-Weisbach, and users could choose between these two equations depending on their application. The software worked efficiently for making the hydraulic calculations, providing simulations that graphically assisted users in choosing which combination of operation parcels (block combinations) and pump parameters (rotation speed and impeller diameter) for optimal operation of the irrigation system. The program ensured that the pressure along the irrigation network was compatible with the nominal operating pressure of the pipeline and safety valves.
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