Neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) of the pancreas are defined by a mitotic count > 20 mitoses/10 high power fields and/or Ki67 index > 20%, and included all the tumors previously classified as poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas. These latter are aggressive malignancies with a high propensity for distant metastases and poor prognosis, and they can be further divided into small- and large-cell subtypes. However in the NEC category are included also neuroendocrine tumors with a well differentiated morphology but ki67 index > 20%. This category is associated with better prognosis and does not significantly respond to cisplatin-based chemotherapy, which represents the gold standard therapeutic approach for poorly differentiated NEC. In this review, the differences between well differentiated and poorly differentiated NEC are discussed considering both pathology, imaging features, treatment and prognostic implications. Diagnostic and therapeutic flowcharts are proposed. The need for a revision of current classification system is stressed being well differentiated NEC a more indolent disease compared to poorly differentiated tumors.

No abstract

BackgroundZenker's diverticulum (ZD) is a protrusion of the pharyngeal mucosa and submucosa through Killian's triangle, between the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and the cricopharyngeal muscle. The underling mechanism of formation is the pulsion against a dyscinetic upper esophageal sphincter (UES). It is a rare disorder and mostly affects elderly people, but still, it is the most frequent esophageal diverticulum. Its incidence is reported to be

No abstract

No abstract