This research aimed to evaluate the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in milk and in the milking environment of 10 small-scale farms (<400 L/d) located in the regions of Franca and Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Two-hundred twenty samples of milk were collected from individual cows, along with 120 samples from bulk tank milk, 389 samples from milking equipment and utensils (teat cups, buckets, and sieves), and 120 samples from milkers' hands. Fifty-six Staph. aureus strains were isolated from 849 analyzed samples (6.6%): 12 (5.5%) from milk samples of individual cows, 26 (21.7%) from samples of bulk tank milk, 14 (3.6%) from samples collected from equipment and utensils, and 4 (3.3%) from samples from milkers' hands. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of the 56 Staph. aureus isolates by SmaI restriction enzyme resulted in 31 profiles (pulsotypes) arranged in 12 major clusters. Results of this study indicate a low incidence, but wide distribution of Staph. aureus strains isolated from raw milk collected from individual cows and surfaces of milkers' hands and milking equipment in the small-scale dairy farms evaluated. However, the high percentage of bulk milk samples found with Staph. aureus is of public health concern because raw, unprocessed milk is regularly consumed by the Brazilian population.

Male gender assignment was more prevalent. Long-term followup revealed adequate pubertal development and sexual activity. Complications involving the urethra developed frequently in male patients.

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on clinical and surgical practice, educational activities, health and lifestyle behavior of Brazilian urology residents. Materials and Methods: A web-based survey was sent to 468 Brazilian urology residents from postgraduate years (PGY) 3 to 5 to collect data on clinical practice and training after 4 months of COVID-19. We also assessed health-related and behavior changes, rate of infection by SARS-CoV-2, deployment to the front line of COVID-19, residents' concerns, and access to personal protective equipment (PPE). Results: Massive reductions in elective and emergency patient consultations, diagnostic procedures and surgeries were reported across the country, affecting PGY 3 to 5 alike. Most in-person educational activities were abolished. The median damage to the urological training expected for 2020 was 6.0 [3.4 -7.7], on a scale from 0 to 10, with senior residents estimating a greater damage (P< 0.001). Educational interventions developed included online case-based discussions, subspeciality conferences and lectures, and grand rounds. Most senior residents favored extending residency to compensate for training loss and most younger residents favored no additional training (p< 0.001). Modifi cations in health and lifestyle included weight gain (43.8%), reduced physical activity (68.6%), increased alcoholic intake (44.9%) and cigarette consumption (53.6%), worsening of sexual life (25.2%) and feelings of sadness or depression (48,2%). Almost half were summoned to work on the COVID-19 front-line and 24.4% had COVID-19. Most residents had inadequate training to deal with COVID-19 patients and most reported a shortage of PPE. Residents' concerns included the risk of contaminating family members, being away from residency program, developing severe COVID-19 and overloading colleagues. Conclusions: COVID-19 had a massive impact in Brazilian urology residents´ training, health and lifestyle behavior, which may refl ect what happened in other medical specialties. Studies should confi rm these fi ndings to help developing strategies to mitigate residents' losses.

RESUMOO leite tipo A, produzido e beneficiado em granja leiteira, possui padrões de qualidade específicos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica do leite cru e pasteurizado tipo A e de pontos de contaminação em uma granja leiteira do RS. De novembro de 2006 a abril de 2008 foram realizadas seis coletas. A cada coleta foram amostrados: leite cru e pasteurizado, swabes de tetos e teteiras para contagem de coliformes totais, termotolerantes, bactérias mesófilas aeróbias e psicrotróficas. Foi realizada análise físico-química do leite. A contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes no leite pasteurizado indicou que 50% e 33,3% das amostras estavam fora do padrão, respectivamente. Na contagem de mesófilos aeróbios no leite pasteurizado, duas amostras apresentaram resultados acima do limite estabelecido pela Instrução Normativa 51 (IN51). No leite cru, 3 amostras apresentaram elevadas contagens de mesófilos aeróbios (>1,0 x 10 4 UFC/mL). A quantidade de psicrotróficos do leite cru variou entre as coletas. Houve aumento dos valores entre a primeira e a última coleta para as contagens na superfície das teteiras do início para o fim do período da ordenha. Na análise físico-química do leite foi verificado que duas amostras de leite cru e uma amostra de leite pasteurizado apresentaram teores de gordura abaixo do mínimo permitido (3,0%). A contagem de células somáticas apresentou valores acima do permitido para 3 amostras de leite cru e 1 amostra de leite pasteurizado. Verificou-se a necessidade de correções no manejo de ordenha, a fim de melhorar a qualidade do leite produzido e se adequar às normas da IN51.Descritores: coliformes termotolerantes, coliformes totais, contagem de aeróbios, qualidade do leite. ABSTRACT Grade A milk is produced and processed by rigid and specific standard of quality. This research aimed to evaluate microbiological, physical and chemical characteristics of raw and pasteurized grade A milk and know some critical points of contamination at a dairy farm in Rio Grande do Sul. For November, 2006 to April, 2008 we carried out six visits and sample collection at the property. At each one, there were collected samples of raw and pasteurized milk, swabs of teats skin and milking machine liners. There were performed aerobic mesophiles counting and total and fecal coliforms (MPN). To raw milk, it was also performed psychrotropic counting. About total and fecal coliforms counting, 50 and 33.3% of the pasteurized milk samples were above the legal standard (IN 51). About aerobic mesophilic bacteria counting, 2 samples were considered inappropriate. Raw milk presented high aerobic mesophiles counting (>1.0 x10 4 CFU/mL in 3 samples). At liners, we observed that counts increase between the first and the last sampling. The first raw milk and fifth pasteurized milk presented low fat percent (<3.0%). Somatic cells counts were higher than legal standard at five raw and one pasteurized milk samples. It is necessary to improve milk quality by correct milk and cow manageme...