Helical jumps in poly(ethylene oxide), which are the molecular processes underlying the intracrystalline chain diffusion, are studied on the microseconds to milliseconds time scale by means of NMR. Using a simple proton time-domain technique, a wide range of melt-crystallized morphologies is investigated ranging from extended-chain crystals of short chains to crystals with disordered fold surfaces of longer chains up to 190 kg/mol. From variable-temperature data we directly determine the Arrhenius activation parameters and find that the activation energy is always around 65 kJ/mol. At a given temperature, average correlation times vary from sample to sample over about 1 decade and increase approximately linearly with the lamellar thickness. The observed linear relation is reproduced by a generic Monte Carlo simulation model implementing a mechanism of diffusing defects. The experimental results are compared to 1D carbon-13 MAS exchange NMR (CODEX) and proton rotating-frame relaxation (R 1ρ) data, for which we highlight the challenges and significant bias effects arising from the significant distribution of correlation times. Effective spin-diffusion averaging of the proton R 1ρ demonstrates that monomers with different jump dynamics are spatially close; i.e., they coexist in neighboring stems.
A new approach to hybrid model network formation based upon heterocomplementary end‐linking of four‐arm star poly‐ε‐caprolactone (PCL) and linear polypropylene glycol (PPG) precursors is demonstrated. Specifically, hydroxy‐terminated PCL(OH)4 and an amino‐terminated linear PPG(NH2)2 are reacted with a bifunctional coupling agent containing one carboxylic acid chloride group and one oxazinone group. PCL(OH)4 is first reacted with the former in a solution, and the so‐obtained oxazinone‐terminated intermediate is then reacted with PPG(NH2)2 to form a network both in the solution and in the melt. A strong effect of electron‐withdrawing groups on the reactivity of the oxazinone group, and thus on the network formation, is evidenced. Network structure and properties are studied by swelling experiments and low‐field multiple‐quantum (MQ) NMR, which confirm the successful formation of hybrid networks and provide information on the significant network inhomogeneities. On the methodological side, a reliable approach to MQ NMR data analysis for networks of variable degree of inhomogeneity is discussed.
The non-equilibrium thickness of lamellar crystals in semicrystalline polymers varies significantly between different polymer systems and depends on the crystallization temperature Tc. There is currently no consensus on the mechanism of thickness selection. Previous work has highlighted the decisive role of intracrystalline chain diffusion (ICD) in special cases, but a systematic dependence of lamellar thickness on relevant timescales such as that of ICD and stem attachment has not yet been established. Studying the morphology by small-angle X-ray scattering and the two timescales by NMR methods and polarization microscopy respectively, we here present data on poly(oxymethylene), a case with relatively slow ICD. It fills the gap between previously studied cases of absent and fast ICD, enabling us to establish a quantitative dependence of lamellar thickness on the competition between the noted timescales.
Bulk-type solid-state batteries (SSBs) constitute a promising next-generation technology for electrochemical energy storage. However, in order for SSBs to become competitive with mature battery technologies, (electro)chemically stable, superionic solid electrolytes are much needed. Multicomponent or high-entropy lithium argyrodites have recently attracted attention for their favorable material characteristics. In the present work, we report on increasing the configurational entropy of the Li 6+a P 1−x M x S 5 I solid electrolyte system and examine how this affects the structureconductivity/stability relationships. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and 7 Li pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, multicationic substitution is demonstrated to result in a very low activation energy for Li diffusion of ∼0.2 eV and a high room-temperature ionic conductivity of ∼13 mS cm −1 (for Li 6.5 [P 0.25 Si 0.25 Ge 0.25 Sb 0.25 ]S 5 I). The transport properties are rationalized from a structural perspective by means of complementary neutron powder diffraction and magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy measurements. The Li 6.5 [P 0.25 Si 0.25 Ge 0.25 Sb 0.25 ]S 5 I solid electrolyte was also tested in high-loading SSB cells with a Ni-rich layered oxide cathode and found by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to suffer from interfacial side reactions during cycling. Overall, the results of this study indicate that optimization of conductivity is equally important to optimization of stability, and compositionally complex lithium argyrodites represent a new playground for a rational design of (potentially advanced) superionic solid electrolytes.
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