• Nonmyeloablative, related HLA-haploidentical BMT utilizing high-dose posttransplantation cyclophosphamide has a favorable safety profile.• Risk-stratified relapse and survival outcomes with this approach are comparable to those of HLA-matched BMT.Related HLA-haploidentical blood or marrow transplantation (BMT) with high-dose posttransplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) is being increasingly used because of its acceptable safety profile. To better define outcomes of nonmyeloablative (NMA) HLAhaploidentical BMT with PTCy, 372 consecutive adult hematologic malignancy patients who underwent this procedure were retrospectively studied. Risk-stratified outcomes were evaluated using the refined Disease Risk Index (DRI), developed to stratify disease risk across histologies and allogeneic BMT regimens. Patients received uniform conditioning, T-cell-replete allografting, then PTCy, mycophenolate mofetil, and tacrolimus. Six-month probabilities of nonrelapse mortality and severe acute graft-versus-host disease were 8% and 4%. With 4.1-year median follow-up, 3-year probabilities of relapse, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were 46%, 40%, and 50%, respectively. By refined DRI group, low (n 5 71), intermediate (n 5 241), and high/very high (n 5 60) risk groups had 3-year PFS estimates of 65%, 37%, and 22% (P < .0001), with corresponding 3-year OS estimates of 71%, 48%, and 35% (P 5 .0001). On multivariable analyses, the DRI was statistically significantly associated with relapse, PFS, and OS (each P < .001). This analysis demonstrates that the DRI effectively risk stratifies recipients of NMA HLA-haploidentical BMT with PTCy and also suggests that this transplantation platform yields similar survivals to those seen with HLA-matched BMT. (Blood. 2015;125(19):3024-3031)

Key Points• Posttransplantation cyclophosphamide is effective as sole GVHD prophylaxis for myeloablative HLA-matched-related or -unrelated BMT.• Despite low chronic GVHD with PTCy, relapse and survival are comparable with outcomes reported using other GVHD prophylactic approaches.High-dose, posttransplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) reduces severe graft-versushost disease (GVHD) after allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (alloBMT), but the impact of PTCy on long-term, disease-specific outcomes is unclear. We conducted a retrospective study of 209 consecutive adult patients transplanted for acute myeloid leukemia (AML, n 5 138), myelodysplastic syndrome (n 5 28), or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, n 5 43) using PTCy as sole GVHD prophylaxis after myeloablative conditioning and HLA-matched-related or -unrelated T-cell-replete allografting. At alloBMT, 30% of patients were not in morphologic complete remission. The cumulative incidences of grades II to IV and III to IV acute GVHD at 100 days and chronic GVHD at 2 years were 45%, 11%, and 13%, respectively. Forty-three percent of patients did not require immunosuppression for any reason beyond PTCy. At 3 years, relapse cumulative incidence was 36%, disease-free survival was 46%, survival free of disease and chronic GVHD was 39%, and overall survival was 58%. Lack of remission at alloBMT, adverse cytogenetics, and low allograft nucleated cell dose were associated with inferior survival for AML patients. Minimal residual disease but not t(9;22) was associated with inferior outcomes for ALL patients. The ability to limit posttransplantation immunosuppression makes PTCy a promising transplantation platform for the integration of postgrafting strategies to prevent relapse. (Blood. 2014;124(25):3817-3827) IntroductionHistorically, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), particularly chronic GVHD (cGVHD), has been associated with a reduced risk of relapse after allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (alloBMT).1-3 However, cGVHD is also the leading cause of late nonrelapse mortality (NRM) posttransplantation, contributing to the substantially elevated mortality risk in alloBMT survivors that continues for at least 15 years after transplantation. 4 In this context, the development of effective pharmacologic strategies for preventing cGVHD has proved to be challenging, and an estimated 41% to 60% of patients treated with calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) -based GVHD prophylaxis after HLA-matched-related or -unrelated allografting develop cGVHD.5-7 T-cell depletion (TCD), whether in vivo or in vitro, is effective in reducing cGVHD, but it can be associated with higher rates of infection, posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder, NRM, and disease relapse. 8,9 Initially developed as an approach to facilitate HLA-haploidentical alloBMT, high-dose, posttransplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) was found to be effective in preventing both acute GVHD (aGVHD) and cGVHD. [10][11][12] Subsequently, the efficacy of PTCy as sole GVHD prophylaxis after myeloablative conditioni...

Purpose Recent advances in nonmyeloablative (NMA), related HLA-haploidentical blood or marrow transplantation (haplo-BMT) have expanded the donor pool. This study evaluated the effect of age on NMA haplo-BMT outcomes in patients age 50 to 75 years. Patients and Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of 271 consecutive patients with hematologic malignancies, age 50 to 75 years, who received NMA, T-cell–replete haplo-BMT with high-dose post-transplantation cyclophosphamide. Results The median age was 61 years, with 115 patients (42%) age 50 to 59, 129 (48%) age 60 to 69, and 27 (10%) age 70 to 75 years. Overall, 84% of patients had intermediate- or high-/very high–risk disease. The 6-month probabilities of grade 3 or 4 acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and nonrelapse mortality (NRM) were 3% and 8%, respectively. Patients in their 50s, 60s, and 70s had 6-month NRM probabilities of 8%, 9%, and 7%, respectively (P = .20). With a median follow-up of 4 years, corresponding 3-year progression-free survival probabilities were 39%, 35%, and 33% (P = .65), and corresponding 3-year overall survival probabilities were 48%, 45%, and 44% (P = .66). Three-year progression-free survival probabilities were 40% in acute myeloid leukemia (n = 65), 39% in aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 83), and 37% in indolent or mantle-cell lymphoma (n = 65). Older patient age was associated with a significantly higher risk of grade 2 to 4 acute GVHD but not grade 3 to 4 acute or chronic GVHD. No statistically significant associations were found between older age (relative to age 50 to 59 years or as a continuous variable) and NRM, relapse, or survival. Conclusion NMA haplo-BMT with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide has encouraging safety and survival outcomes in patients age 50 to 75 years. In patients otherwise fit for BMT, the results support consideration of this approach despite advanced age.