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Current opioid users have abnormal emotional experience, characterized by heightened response to unpleasant stimuli and blunted response to pleasant stimuli.

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Resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or even significant sources of stress (American Psychological Association, 2014). Moreover, resilience involves the ability to recover and maintain adaptive behavior after stressful events. Psychophysiological and neuropsychological systems involved in the successful regulation and modification of emotions and cognitions are potential underpinnings of resilience. The parasympathetic nervous system facilitates adaptation to stress by modifying some physiological responses, such as respiration and heart rate (Porges, 2007). Higher resting vagal control is linked to social and psychological well-being (Kok & Fredrickson, 2010) and trait positive emotionality (Oveis et al., 2009). In addition, cognitive flexibility is likely critical in a threatening situation, where ongoing cognitive processes need to be inhibited and resources shifted to processing the current threat.

-The present study assesses how certain stress and coping variables relate to drug use. A total of 124 subjects (85 men, 39 women) took part. They were divided into two groups: consumers and low or nonconsumers. Results indicate that consumers show significantly lower scores in self-control than low or nonconsumers. This research is of interest because it analyzes the relationship among assertiveness, self-control, self-efficacy, and drug use. We consider it worthwhile to take these variables into account when planning prevention programs.