Objective This study evaluates the epidemiological characteristics, ophthalmological manifestations, and different therapeutic options available for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in China, Spain, and Cuba. Methods A self-designed questionnaire was used to conduct a comparable descriptive cross-sectional study on patients with MS. The survey included patients' demographic data, ocular manifestations related to MS, and treatment methodology followed in the three countries. The online survey was designed using the Wenjuanxing survey platform, and a survey link was circulated through WhatsApp, WeChat, and emails. Quantitative data were expressed as mean and standard deviation, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for non-parametric variables. Qualitative data were expressed as numerical and percentage. The chi-square test (χ2) was used to compare the group's response categories. The statistical difference was considered significant when p < 0.05. Results The female-to-male ratio in all the three countries was 2-3:1, and relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) was the most frequent in all three countries. Vision loss was slow and progressive in half of the patients from the three countries, with no significant differences ( p = 0.524). A higher percentage of steroid treatment was observed in Chinese patients in comparison with the patients from other two countries ( p < 0.001), and a similar trend was seen in the use of traditional medicines. Almost one-third of patients who did not receive any treatment recovered spontaneously in all the three countries ( p = 0.097). Conclusions MS occurs more frequently in the relapsing-remitting clinical form and there is a clear female predominance. The first ocular crisis or clinical debut of MS is characterized by slow and progressive visual impairment, increasing and adding to other ocular manifestations during its evolutionary course. Spontaneous recovery of vision after an attack of optic neuritis in the course of MS is possible.

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Ante los grandes retos de capacitación tecnológica que la empresa moderna demanda a la Universidad Tecnológica de Tula Tepeji, la enseñanza de la matemática ocupa un lugar prioritario en la currícula de la carrera de Mantenimiento Industrial, aunado a esto, el fundamento del conocimiento que en ella se imparte, es la pertinencia del mismo. Es por ello que el presente estudio busca evaluar y recolectar materiales de aplicación de las matemáticas, las cuales tradicionalmente se les imparten a los alumnos de carreras tecnológicas universitarias, esperando que posteriormente en el desarrollo de su vida profesional las apliquen para resolver problemas en la empresa, por lo cual, en este artículo se dan a conocer los resultados de las primeras investigaciones que se han desarrollado en un ambiente Empresa – Universidad. Resultado de esta incursión en las empresas de la región Tula - Tepeji, México, se propone un método de enseñanza que se ha experimentado en esta Universidad Tecnológica, el cual está fundamentado en las teorías de investigadores como Piaget, Resnick y Polya, entre otros, además, la presente investigación tiene sólidas bases en la matematización y articulación de saberes, privilegiando en todo momento el razonamiento, primeramente del catedrático y consecuentemente el del alumno.

Introduction: This study aims to analyze the correlation between hypertension (HTN) and changes in the retina's vascular and nervous structures in patients with hypertension.Method: This was a cross-sectional study, which included a group of 45 subjects who did not suffer from hypertension (HTN) (Group 1), other two groups of 51 patients with controlled (Group 2) and not controlled (Group 3) HTN. Changes in vascular and nervous structures were identified and evaluated by ophthalmoscopy and OCT, respectively. Parametric and non-parametric tests, Post-hoc, Pearson, and Spearman correlation were used, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.Results: We observed hypertensive retinopathy (HTNR G I and II) in both groups with HTN, with a significant difference (p=0.023). We found a lower average retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), the average and minimum ganglion cell complex (GCC) in the patients of groups 2 and 3 than those of group 1. We found a negative and slight correlation between systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and HTNR with superior GCC thickness in hypertensive patients.Conclusions: hypertension correlated to changes in the retina's vascular and nervous structures, and the nervous structure alterations were not visible by ophthalmoscopy but detected by OCT.